《托福阅读学术类文章篇章和段落结构详细介绍.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《托福阅读学术类文章篇章和段落结构详细介绍.doc（14页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、托福阅读学术类文章篇章和段落结构详细介绍 托福阅读中大部分的*都是学术类*，比如常见的说明文以及议论文等等。今天给大家带来托福阅读学术类*篇章和段落结构详细介绍,希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福阅读学术类*篇章和段落结构详细介绍托福阅读学术类*篇章结构介绍在学术性*中，一般需要具备三个组成部分：(1)Topic 话题：即*的主角是什么。比如讲解某个科学理论、研究某种社会现象，探讨某个历史事件;在托福*中，这种导入性信息往往出现在篇首位置。考生可以根据篇首段信息对整篇*所要讨论的核心内容有所了解;(2)Aspects 方面：即将篇首的话题延伸拓展为若干个方面进行阐述说明。
2、若话题为某个科学论点，则方面可能分为若干个支持论据;若话题为某种自然现象，则方面可能分为若干个内外成因;若话题为某个历史事件，则方面为几段发展时期;在托福阅读*中，往往依照各个方面之间的层次关系，将各个方面拆分为若干个独立的自然段落，共同组成行文主体;(3)Attitude态度：即*的作者对于所讨论话题持怎样的态度。或是积极肯定，或是消极否定，或是保持中立。在托福阅读*中，态度往往是被较多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。Topic话题+ Aspects方面+ Attitude态度，这三要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“T+A+A篇章结构”。托福*大都遵循这种结构，考生通过篇首段落信息来把控整个*话题及
3、大致讨论方向，再抓住*的各个段落主旨，便可洞悉整个*脉络和逻辑结构。托福阅读学术类*段落结构分析学术性*的自然段落，一般需要具备两个组成部分：(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句：表达段落的主旨，即本段想要表达的核心内容是什么;(2) Detail 细节：为了详细说明段落中心含义，所罗列的相关支持内容，即本段通过哪些例证来阐明主旨句。Topic Sentence主旨句+ Detail细节，这两个要素加起来就是标准学术论文体的“TS+D段落结构”。托福*段落大都遵循这种结构，考生通过段落主旨句就可以把握该段的中心含义。当考生们了解了这种TAA篇章结构(Topic话题+ Aspects方面
4、+ Attitude态度)和TS+D段落结构(Topic Sentence主旨句+ Detail细节)的行文规律后，对*框架的把握就会做到心里有数，更有利于提高阅读速度和定位有效信息的准确度。托福阅读真题原题+题目Archaeological literature is rich in descriptions of pot making. Unlike modern industrial potters, prehistoric artisans created each of their pieces individually, using the simplest technology
5、but demonstrating remarkable skill in making and adorning their vessels.The clay used in prehistoric pot making was invariably selected with the utmost care: often it was traded over considerable distances. The consistency of the clay was crucial: it was pounded meticulously and mixed with water to
6、make it entirely even in texture. By careful kneading, the potter removed the air bubbles and made the clay as plastic as possible, allowing it to be molded into shape as the pot was built up, When a pot is fired, it loses its water and can crack, so the potter added a temper to the clay, a substanc
7、e that helped reduce shrinkage and cracking.Since surface finishes provided a pleasing appearance and also improved the durability in day-to-day use, the potter smoothed the exterior surface of the pot with wet hands. Often a wet clay solution, known as a slip, was applied to the smooth surface. Bri
8、ghtly colored slips were often used and formed painted decorations on the vessel. In later times. Glazes came into use in some areas. A glaze is a form of slip that turns to a glasslike finish during high-temperature firing. When a slip was not applied, the vessel was allowed to dry slowly until the
9、 external surface was almost like leather in texture. It was then rubbed with a round stone or similar object to give it a shiny, hard surface. Some pots were adorned with incised or stamped decorations.Most early pottery was then fired over open hearths. The vessels were covered with fast-burning w
10、ood; as it burned, the ashes would all around the pots and bake them evenly over a few hours. Far higher temperatures were attained in special ovens, known as kilns, which would not only bake the clay and remove its plasticity, but also dissolve carbons and iron compounds. Kilns were also used for g
11、lazing, when two firings were needed. Once fired, the pots were allowed to cool slowly, and small cracks were repaired before they were ready for use.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Why archaeologists study prehistoric pot making(B) How early pottery was made and decorated(C) The develop
12、ment of kilns used by early potters(D) The variety of decorations on Prehistoric pottery2. The word meticulously in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) heavily(B) initially(C) carefully(D) completely3. Which of the following was a process used by prehistoric potters to improve the texture of the clay
13、?(A) adding temper(B) removing the water(C) beating on the clay(D) mixing the clay with plastic substances4. The word durability in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) quality(B) endurance(C) adaptability(D) applicability5. Prehistoric potters applied slips and glazes to their vessels in order to do
14、 which of thefollowing?(A) Improve the appearance of the vessels(B) prevent the vessels from leaking(C) Help the vessels to dry more quickly(D) Give the vessels a leather like quality6. Which of the following was a method used by some potters to give vessels a glassy finish?(A) Smoothing them with w
15、et hands(B) Mixing the clay with colored solutions(C) Baking them at a very high temperature(D) Rubbing them with a smooth hard object7. The word incised in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) designed(B) carved(C) detailed(D) painted8. The word they in ling 27 refers to(A) kilns(B) firings(C) pots(
16、D) cracks9. According to the passage , the advantage of kilns over open fires was that the kilns(A) required less wood for burning(B) reached higher temperatures(C) kept ashes away from the pots(D) baked vessels without cracking them10. Look at the terms temper (line 10), glazes (line 16), kilns (li
17、ne 24), and compounds (line 25).Which of these terms is NOT defined in the passage ?(A) temper(B) glazes(C) kilns(D) compounds11. The passage mentions that when pottery is fired under burning wood, the ashes help(A) prevent the clay from cracking(B) produce a more consistently baked pot(C) attain a
18、very high temperature(D) give the vessel a glasslike finishPASSAGE 49 BCCBA DBCBD B托福阅读真题原题+题目The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States was responsible for sweeping changes in attitudes toward the decorative arts, then considered the minor or household arts. Its focus on decorative arts help
19、ed to induce United States museums and private collectors to begin collecting furniture, glass, ceramics, metalwork, and textiles in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently
20、 considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century. The importance now placed on attractive and harmonious home decoration can also be traced to this period, when Victorian interior arrangements were revised to admit greater light and more fr
21、eely flowing spaces.The Arts and Crafts Movement reacted against mechanized processes that threatened handcrafts and resulted in cheapened, monotonous merchandise. Founded in the late nineteenth century by British social critics John Ruskin and William Morris, the movement revered craft as a form of
22、 art. In a rapidly industrializing society, most Victorians agreed that art was an essential moral ingredient in the home environment, and in many middle- and working-class homes craft was the only form of art, Ruskin and his followers criticized not only the degradation of artisans reduced to machi
23、ne operators, but also the impending loss of daily contact with handcrafted objects, fashioned with pride, integrity, and attention to beauty.In the United States as well as in Great Britain, reformers extolled the virtues of handcrafted objects: simple, straightforward design; solid materials of go
24、od quality; and sound, enduring construction techniques. These criteria were interpreted in a variety of styles, ranging from rational and geometric to romantic or naturalistic. Whether abstract, stylized, or realistically treated, the consistent theme in virtually all Arts and Crafts design is natu
25、re.The Arts and Crafts Movement was much more than a particular style; it was a philosophy of domestic life. Proponents believed that if simple design, high-quality materials, and honest construction were realized in the home and its appointments, then the occupants would enjoy moral and therapeutic
26、 effects. For both artisan and consumer, the Arts and Crafts doctrine was seen as a magical force against the undesirable effects of industrialization.1. The passage primarily focuses on nineteenth-century arts and crafts in terms of which of the following?(A) Their naturalistic themes(B) Their impo
27、rtance in museum collections(C) Their British origin(D) Their role in an industrialized society2. According to the passage , before the nineteenth century, artisans were thought to be(A) defenders of moral standards(B) creators of cheap merchandise(C) skilled workers(D) artists3. It can be inferred
28、from the passage that the Arts and Crafts Movement would have consideredall of the following to be artists EXCEPT(A) creators of textile designs(B) people who produce handmade glass objects(C) operators of machines that automatically cut legs for furniture(D) metalworkers who create unique pieces of
29、 jewelry4. The word revered in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) respected(B) described(C) avoided(D) created5. According to paragraph 2, the handcrafted objects in the homes of middle- and working-classfamilies usually were(A) made by members of the family(B) the least expensive objects in their
30、homes(C) regarded as being morally uplifting(D) thought to symbolize progress6. The word extolled in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) exposed(B) praised(C) believed(D) accepted7. The author mentions all of the following as attributes of handcrafted objects EXCEPT(A) the pride with which they were
31、 crafted(B) the complexity of their design(C) the long time that they lasted(D) the quality of their materials8. The word consistent in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) conservative(B) considerable(C) constant(D) concrete9. According to the passage , which of the following changes occurred at the
32、 same time as theArts and Crafts Movement?(A) The creation of brighter and more airy spaces inside homes(B) The rejection of art that depicted nature in a realistic manner(C) A decline of interest in art museum collections(D) An increase in the buying of imported art objects10. Which of the followin
33、g statements is supported by the passage ?(A) Private collectors in the nineteenth century concentrated on acquiring paintings.(B) The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States, unlike the one in Britain, did not reactstrongly against mechanized processes.(C) Handcrafted objects in the United States and Britain in the nineteenth century did not usegeometric designs.(D) The Arts and Crafts Movement believed in the beneficial effect for people from beingsurrounded by beautiful objects.PASSAGE 50 DCCAC BBCAD
