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1、雅思阅读文章通读方法讲解 雅思阅读*通读方法讲解 ,全文阅读有必要。给大家带来了雅思阅读*通读方法讲解，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。雅思阅读*通读方法讲解 全文阅读有必要雅思阅读*通读方法之浏览*的必要性浏览*是雅思阅读的必备策略。做题时，通常先阅读题目，然后通过题目中的关键词到*中定位，最后找到答案。但是若遇到某些题型，单纯依靠定位就不合时宜了，即使侥幸做对，那也是自欺欺人。例如目前颇有大展其鼓之势的段落细节配对题。简而言之，此题型就是出题者给出一个细节，然后要求答题者找出细节所在的相应段落。若用定位法，势必整段逐行搜寻，耗时耗力，效率等同于通读全文，更何况有时还未必
2、能找到题干中的相同词语，而是需要靠做题者自己去归纳。例如“剑四”52页30题题干“a description of the mental activities which are exercised and developed during play”，在*相关段落中很难甄别出上述信息。还有T/F/NG题中，虽然题目顺序与原文答案出现顺序一般保持一致，但也不能完全排除顺序打乱的情况出现，例如“剑五”19页8-13题。要做出这些题，那就非读*不可了。雅思阅读*通读方法之结构阅读法那么雅思*该怎么读呢?首先，我们来看看雅思权威考官Vanessa Jakeman和Clare McDowell两位专家
3、是怎么说的：“When you go to university or college you may be overwhelmed by the amount of reading you are expected to do. You will have to do a lot of this reading on your own and you will need to be able to read discriminatingly. This means you will need to have the skills required to focus in on the inf
4、ormation that is important to you and to skim through the information that isnt.”按照他们的说法，雅思阅读就是考察学生在读长*时筛选信息的能力，即read discriminately，知道哪些是重要信息必须细读，哪些是无用的，可以忽略。雅思考题的设计思路不仅是为了测试考生的语言水平，更在于帮助考生培养起一套适合英联邦大学教学观念的学习方法。在英国念文科的同学都会有这样一种共识，那就是一学期要看很多书，写很多essay，有的同学虽然很刻苦，整日地泡在图书馆里做书虫，但还是读不完reading list中的必读书。再
5、对比周围英国同学，他们不见得比我们刻苦，却很能掉书袋，写出的essay理论功底更深。学习效率的高低正是由阅读方法的差异造成的。中国学生从小接受英语精读教学，咬文嚼字，看书喜欢一页页地细嚼慢咽。就个人阅读习惯而言，这种读法无可厚非，但若是做学问，这就不是正确的方法了。而英国学生读书，总是先浏览目次、摘要等信息，然后阅读索引，找寻需要的信息，所以他们一本书通常读一天甚至于几小时就够了。同样雅思的*，也没必要逐字逐句的读，而是要了解作者行文时的构思以及写*要达到的目的。如果做题前就能对*的思路了如指掌，那就好比站在了作者的高度，定位时也就不会出现无的放矢的碰运气了。有的同学也许会有这样的疑问，雅思*
6、题材五花八门，行文艰深晦涩，要看懂都不容易，怎样能在几分钟内，梳理出作者的写作思路呢?对于这个问题我们知道，雅思*的学术性虽然决定了它的深度，但另一方面也决定了相对固定的*结构。因为学术是严谨的，在形式上它有一套严格的规范(the established academic caliber)。就学术范畴的*而言，其观点可以犀利独到，但论证必须缜密，所以*层次结构相比起他体裁是稳定的。换言之，学术*有点八股文的味道。那么我们就可以利用这点迅速掌握*结构继而掌握思路了。*的性质决定了*的结构。在剑桥雅思的前言中，关于阅读有这样一段话: “The passages are on topics of g
7、eneral interest. At least one text contains detailed logical argument.” 据笔者观察，所有雅思*都可以分为两大类：介绍性的学术说明文和论辩性的学术论文。雅思阅读模拟题：The Triumph of UnrePart IReading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based onReading Passage1 below.The Triumph of Unreason?A.Neoclassical economi
8、cs is built on the assumption that humans are rationalbeings who have a clear idea of their best interests and strive to extractmaximum benefit (or “utility”, in economist-speak) from any situation.Neoclassical economics assumes that the process of decision-making is rational.But that contradicts gr
9、owing evidence that decision-making draws on theemotionseven when reason is clearly involved.B.The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense. For situations metfrequently in the past, such as obtaining food and mates, and confronting orfleeing from threats, the neural mechanisms required to
10、weigh up the pros andcons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimal outcome. Sinceemotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes,evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences forutility in these cases. But does this still apply wh
11、en the ancestral machineryhas to respond to the stimuli of urban modernity?C.One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein, aneconomist at Carnegie Mellon University, in Pittsburgh. In particular, hesuspects that modern shopping has subverted the decision-making machinery in aw
12、ay that encourages people to run up debt. To prove the point he has teamed upwith two psychologists, Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelecof the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to look at what happens in thebrain when it is deciding what to buy.D.In a study, the three researc
13、hers asked 26 volunteers to decide whether tobuy a series of products such as a box of chocolates or a DVD of the televisionshow that were flashed on a computer screen one after another. In each round ofthe task, the researchers first presented the product and then its price, witheach step lasting f
14、our seconds. In the final stage, which also lasted fourseconds, they asked the volunteers to make up their minds. While the volunteerswere taking part in the experiment, the researchers scanned their brains using atechnique called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This measuresblood flow
15、 and oxygen consumption in the brain, as an indication of itsactivity.E.The researchers found that different parts of the brain were involved atdifferent stages of the test. The nucleus accumbens was the most active partwhen a product was being displayed. Moreover, the level of its activitycorrelate
16、d with the reported desirability of the product in question.F.When the price appeared, however, fMRI reported more activity in otherparts of the brain. Excessively high prices increased activity in the insularcortex, a brain region linked to expectations of pain, monetary loss and theviewing of upse
17、tting pictures. The researchers also found greater activity inthis region of the brain when the subject decided not to purchase an item.G.Price information activated the medial prefrontal cortex, too. This part ofthe brain is involved in rational calculation. In the experiment its activityseemed to
18、correlate with a volunteers reaction to both product and price,rather than to price alone. Thus, the sense of a good bargain evoked higheractivity levels in the medial prefrontal cortex, and this often preceded adecision to buy.H.Peoples shopping behaviour therefore seems to have piggy-backed on old
19、neural circuits evolved for anticipation of reward and the avoidance of hazards.What Dr Loewenstein found interesting was the separation of the assessment ofthe product (which seems to be associated with the nucleus accumbens) from theassessment of its price (associated with the insular cortex), eve
20、n though thetwo are then synthesised in the prefrontal cortex. His hypothesis is that ratherthan weighing the present good against future alternatives, as orthodoxeconomics suggests happens, people actually balance the immediate pleasure ofthe prospective possession of a product with the immediate p
21、ain of paying forit.I.That makes perfect sense as an evolved mechanism for trading. If one usefulobject is being traded for another (hard cash in modern time), the futureutility of what is being given up is embedded in the object being traded.Emotion is as capable of assigning such a value as reason
22、. Buying on credit,though, may be different. The abstract nature of credit cards, coupled with thedeferment of payment that they promise, may modulate the “con” side of thecalculation in favour of the “pro”.J.Whether it actually does so will be the subject of further experiments thatthe three resear
23、chers are now designing. These will test whether people withdistinctly different spending behaviour, such as miserliness and extravagance,experience different amounts of pain in response to prices. They will alsoassess whether, in the same individuals, buying with credit cards eases the paincompared
24、 with paying by cash. If they find that it does, then credit cards mayhave to join the list of things such as fatty and sugary foods, and recreationaldrugs, that subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable at the timebut can have a long and malign aftertaste.雅思阅读模拟题：Time to coolDec 13th 20
25、XXFrom The Economist print edition1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology: solid, reliable andjust a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century, butthen they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effectiveidea-draw heat from the thing you want to cool
26、 by evaporating a liquid next toit, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it.This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well whenrefrigerators main jobs were preserving food and, as air conditioners, coolingbuildings. Todays high-tech world,
27、 however, demands high-tech refrigeration.Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something toreplace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act likebatteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them andthey generate a cu
28、rrent. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array oftiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by, forexample, a person, and the pattern of the arrays electrical outputs can then beused to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with theinverse o
29、f this process. That inverse exists, however. Apply an appropriatecurrent to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko, ofCambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and hiscolleagues have generated te
30、mperature drops five times bigger than anypreviously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from alaboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.4 As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a littlehazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to purs
31、ue them. He foresees puttinghis discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners.The real money, though, may be in cooling computers.5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a longtime. One consequence of Moores Law, which describes the doubling of th
32、e numberof transistors on a chip every 18 months, is that the amount of heat produceddoubles as well. In fact, it more than doubles, because besides increasing innumber, the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logicaloperation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the fas
33、ter the processor is,the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moorescompany, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4-the lastsingle-core desktop processor-clocked up 3.2 bil
34、lion cycles a second.6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisationand higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80. At 85,they stop working. Tweaking the processors heat sinks (copper or aluminiumboxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limi
35、t. So has tweaking thefans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting fromsingle-core processors to systems that divided processing power between firsttwo, and then four, subunits, in order to spread the thermal load, also seems tohave the end of the road in sight.7 One way o
36、ut of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon, thethermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricityfrom a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlikeparaelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.8 The trick to a
37、 good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure inwhich electrons can flow freely, but the path of phonons-heat-carryingvibrations that are larger than electrons-is constantly interrupted. Inpractice, this trick is hard to pull off, and thermoelectric materials are thusless efficient than parae
38、lectric ones (or, at least, than those examined by DrMischenko). Nevertheless, Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutionsin North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can siton the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10. Ali Shakouri, of theUniversity o
39、f California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller-so small thatthey can go inside the chip.9 The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even lesstechy than a heat pump-a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Applelaunched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid tha
40、t is pumped throughlittle channels in the processor, and thence to a radiator, where it gives upits heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this, IBMs research laboratory inZurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus makesure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel-the part where theheat exchange takes place. In the future, therefore, a combination ofmicrochannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.The old, as it were, hand in hand with the new.
