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1、托福阅读哪些语法容易干扰理解 托福阅读哪些语法容易干扰理解?这5种后置定语考点要了解。今天给大家带来了托福阅读哪些语法容易干扰理解,希望能够帮助到大家在托福考试中拿高分，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福阅读哪些语法容易干扰理解?这5种后置定语考点要了解什么是托福阅读中的后置定语?托福阅读中后置定语，顾名思义分为后置和定语两个部分。后置也就是此种短语出现的位置是在名词之后，定语就是起到修饰限定作用的短语，注意是短语而不是句子，本质上相当于形容词。所以后置定语就是放在名词的后面起到限定修饰作用的短语。托福阅读后置定语第一类形容词做后置定语。如：fossil available.即为可用的化石。
2、托福阅读后置定语第二类介词短语做后置定语。如lava on the surface，中 on the surface介词短语修饰lava，表示为表面上的熔岩。托福阅读后置定语第三类现在分词短语做后置定语。如the blood vessels carrying cooled blood.中的carrying cooled blood就是现在分词短语用来修饰限定the blood vessels，理解为运载着凉的血液的血管。托福阅读后置定语第四类过去分词短语做后置定语，the gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability 中
3、的caused by its diminished ability就是过去分词短语做后置定语修饰the gradual drying of the soil，理解为减少的能力导致的土壤的干燥。托福阅读后置定语第五类不定式短语做后置定语。the ability to absorb water中to absorb water限定修饰 the ability，理解为吸收水的能力。托福阅读练习题及答案PASSAGE 1By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but icewas
4、still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice tradegrew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865),as ice was us
5、ed to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, halfthe ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new householdconvenience, the icebox,
6、a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenthcentury, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best
7、icebox was one that prevented the icefrom melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept theice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth ce
8、ntury did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the righttrack. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the villageof George
9、town was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs ofhis competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-poundbricks. One advantage of
10、his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have totravel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The influence of ice on the diet(B) The development of refrigeration(C) The transportation of goods to market(D) Sources of i
11、ce in the nineteenth century2. According to the passage , when did the word icebox become part of the language of the United States?(A) in 1803(B) sometime before 1850(C) during the civil war(D) near the end of the nineteenth century3. The phrase forward-looking in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A)
12、 progressive(B) popular(C) thrifty(D) well-established4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because(A) many fish dealers also sold ice(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars(C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice(D) fish was not part of the ordinary persons diet befor
13、e the invention of the icebox5. The word it in line 5 refers to(A) fresh meat(B) the Civil War(C) ice(D) a refrigerator6. According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars(B) The lack of a
14、network for the distribution of ice(C) The use of insufficient insulation(D) Inadequate understanding of physics7. The word rudimentary in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) growing(B) undeveloped(C) necessary(D) uninteresting8. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox
15、would(A) completely prevent ice from melting(B) stop air from circulating(C) allow ice to melt slowly(D) use blankets to conserve ice9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been on the right track (lines 18-19) to indicate that(A) the road to the market passed close to Moores farm(B) Moore wa
16、s an honest merchant(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer(D) Moores design was fairly successful10. According to the passage , Moores icebox allowed him to(A) charge more for his butter(B) travel to market at night(C) manufacture butter more quickly(D) produce ice all year round11. The produce mentioned
17、 in line 25 could include(A) iceboxes(B) butter(C) ice(D) marketsAnswers:BBACC DBCDA BPASSAGE 2The geology of the Earths surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Presenton Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves,transports, and pre
18、cipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face ofthe Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported bywind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent ofcontinental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto
19、the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks,streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immensepolarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominatesthis entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its pot
20、ential energy by running fromhigh altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measureof the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for awater molecule t
21、o pass through one of the three reservoirs atmosphere, continent, and ocean we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days inthe atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. Thislast figure shows the importance of the
22、ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere butalso the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents.Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved andtransported.
23、 Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form thethin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed andtransported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from twoclosely linked and interdependent
24、 processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Theirrespective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.1. The word modifying in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) changing(B) traveling(C) describing(D) destroying2. The word which in line 5 refers to(A) clouds(B) oceans(C) conti
25、nents(D) compounds3. According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water(A) precipitating onto the ground(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state(C) evaporating from the oceans(D) being carried by wind4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the hydrographic network (line 8) is to(
26、A) determine the size of molecules of water(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding(C) move water from the Earths surface to the oceans(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the t
27、hird paragraph?(A) The potential energy contained in water(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds(C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents(D) The relative size of the water storage areas6. The word rapidity in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) significance(B) me
28、thod(C) swiftness(D) reliability7. The word they in line 24 refers to(A) insoluble ions(B) soluble ions(C) soils(D) continents8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium9. The word efficiency in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) relations
29、hip(B) growth(C) influence(D) effectivenessAnswers:AACCD CABD托福高失分率考题盘点之阅读托福高失分率考题主要围绕几种出现频率较高的题型Factual Information questions细节题，Negative Factual Information questions排除题，Rhetorical Purpose questions修辞目的题，Sentence Simplification questions简化句子题，Prose Summary*内容小结题。1、Factual Information questions细节题细
30、节题也称为事实信息题，考察方向主要围绕对*细节的定位和理解展开。常见问题形式为：According to paragraph X, which/what/why.or in paragraph X, the author suggests/indicates.做题方法：根据题干定位词找到段落细节位置，然后对细节句子进行分析理解其中心内容，并从4个选项中选择意思一样的选项。做题难点：考生易错点在于有些错误选项非常相近于正确选项，但是增加了一些无关信息或者跟*提供信息相反，有些错误选项甚至跟定位到的*句子细节附近的句子内容一样，但是跟题目所问的内容无关，即所谓的答非所问选项，特别需要注意一下题干，
31、因为一些题目会在题干上做手脚。如果考生没有很准确的分析清楚*哪句是正确答案，以及哪个选项的意思是跟所定位的句子完美匹配的话，考生很容易错选。In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth
32、 and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-b
33、eing. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result
34、 it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals. (TPO1 THE ORIGINS OF THEATER)According to paragraph 1, theories of the origins of theaterA. Are mainly hypotheticalB. Are well supported by factual evidenceC. Have rarely been agreed upon by anthr
35、opologistsD. Were expressed in the early stages of theaters development以origins of theater为关键词定位至本段第一句，one must rely primarily on speculation, 主要靠推测，也就是A, 主要是推论的。B和C选项跟原本相似，但是内容相反，D选项*下文有提及，但是跟剧院起源的理论无关，说的是在剧院发展的早期阶段社会意识到了能影响和控制食物产量的力量2、Negative Factual Information questions排除题方向类似排除题跟事实信息题考察，只是做法正好
36、相反，需要考生从*中找出3个正确的选项，排除一个错误答案。常见标志为NOT/EXCEPT。解题方法：先找出题干中的定位词，并细读4个选项找出其中关键词，然后定位到*所在位置进行详细分析并匹配，进而找出错误选项。入手点，有些选项会以并列的形式连续出现，可以直接排除这几个连续选项。解题难点：错误选项有三种情况，一是*没有给出，二是*对应句子意思错误，三是答非所问项即于题目答案无关选项。而考生一般容易错在与第二种和第三种情况。This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligibl
37、e natural recharge ratethat is, virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supplyhas caused water tables in the region to fall drastically. In the 1930s, wells encountered plentiful water at a depth of about 15 meters; currently, they must be dug to depths of 45 to 60 meters or more. I
38、n places, the water table is declining at a rate of a meter a year, necessitating the periodic deepening of wells and the use of ever-more-powerful pumps. It is estimated that at current withdrawal rates, much of the aquifer will run dry within 40 years. The situation is most critical in Texas, wher
39、e the climate is driest, the greatest amount of water is being pumped, and the aquifer contains the least water. It is projected that the remaining Ogallala water will, by the year 2030, support only 35 to 40 percent of the irrigated acreage in Texas that is supported in 1980. (TPO3 Depletion of the
40、 Ogallala Aquifer)According to paragraph 4, all of following are consequences of the heavy use of the Ogallala aquifer for irrigation EXCEPT:A. The recharge rate of the aquifer is decreasing.B. Water tables in the region are becoming increasingly lower.C. Wells now have to be dug to much greater dep
41、ths than before.D. Increasingly powerful pumps are needed to draw water from the aquifer.分别以recharge rate, water tables, wells, powerful pumps做关键词定位至本段前三句，B/C/D三项以并列连续的方式在原文中出现，而A选项，讲述内容跟*对应信息不符，说明的是蓄水层的补水率低不是选项说的补水率在下降，而且跳出这道题看，随着地下水位的下降，井必须打得更深，水泵必须功率更大，这是一系列的因果关系，只有A不是这个因果序列中的3、IRhetorical Purpos
42、e questions修辞目的题修辞目的题考察的是考生对*段落逻辑关系的把握。只有很好的明白*段落是以何种方式展开的，考生才能准确得选出正确答案。常见形式：题目Why does author mention.? 选项To provide/ suggest/explain.解题方法：首先看所考察内容所在句子里或者前后有没有明显的指示词，比如句子前有for example, 则举例子是为证明前一句的观点，如果句子后面有因果连接词比如therefore，则所考察内容是为了引出后文结论。如果所考察内容所在句子里或者前后没有明显的指示词，则需要分析整段落的结构关系，一般这时答案往前找，常见为这段的主旨句
43、。解题难点：一考生容易判断错到底往前还是往后找答案，二考生会误选错误选项内容为对所考察内容的同义替换。Most of the worlds potable waterfreshwater suitable for drinkingis accounted for by groundwater, which is stored in the pores and fractures in rocks. There is more than 50 times as much freshwater stored underground than in all the freshwater rivers
44、 and lakes of Earth. At greater depths within Earth, the pressure of the overlying rock causes pores and cracks to close, reducing the space that pore water can occupy, and almost complete closure occurs at a depth of about 10 kilometers. The greatest water storage, therefore, lies near the surface.
45、 (TPO28 groundwater)In paragraph1, why does the author mention “the pressure of the overlying rock”?A. To show how water can be forced deep under Earths surfaceB. To show why groundwater is more plentiful than surface freshwaterC. To correct a commonly made error about the location of groundwaterD.
46、To explain why most groundwater lies near Earths surface正确答案：D。在高亮部分的描写之后，本段的最后一句出现了，therefore。这里也是在说the pressure of the overlying rock导致的结果，也就是*提到它的目的。其结果是，大部分的水储都在比较表面的地方。所以其目的就是要解释为什么水都在表面的地方。因此选D4、Sentence Simplification questions简化句子题简化句子题考察是考生分析长难句的能力，即可以准确的区分句子主要内容和次要信息以及它们两者之间的逻辑关系。常见问题形式：Wh
47、ich of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information?解题方法：先抓出主句中心意思，然后对应选项主句排除主句错误信息，接下来再分析次要信息以及主从句之间的关系。解题难点：考生容易忽略主句和从句逻辑关系，只关注句子内容的完整性;另外句子所有意思不一定会全部包含在答案中，所以考生只需确认最主要信息正确有时候就可以选对。For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their
