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1、 状语(adverbial)是句子的重要修饰成分。状语是谓语里的另一个附加成分，它附加在谓语中心语的前面，从情况、时间、处所、方式、条件、对象、肯定、否定、围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制。在英语中，状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分。状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。1.副词一般在句子中做状语He speaks English ve
2、ry well. 他英语说得非常好.中的very是程度副词，用来修饰well。very well是修饰speak的程度状语。2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。I come specially to see you.我专门来看你.3.介词短语Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.十年前,她开始住在。The boy was praised for his bravery.4.从句作状语When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.If I am not busy tomorrow, I
3、 will play football with you.5.分词作状语Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.状语简介概述状语与定语相同的地方是,都是前者附加成分;不同的地方是,它是谓语里的附加成分,而定语是主语或宾语里的附加成分.从句子的层次上看,状语是在第二个层次和第三个层次里的成分,有时甚至是更低层次的成分.状语的构成状语的构
4、成经常充当状语的有形容词,副词,时间处所名词,能愿动词,指示代词,以与方位短语,介词短语,动宾短语,谓词性联合短语,谓词性偏正短语,谓词性主谓短语等.含有动量词的数量短语以与重叠式的数量短语(不论动量,物量)也可以充当状语.此外,少数名词带上表比况的助词也可以作状语.状语的书面标志地状语的书面标志是结构助词地.状语后面带或者是不带地,情况比较复杂.一般讲来,数量短语,主谓短语,动宾短语等作状语时,大都带地;而介词短语,方位短语,能愿动词,时间处所名词作状语时不能带地,副词,单音节形容词作状语一般也不带地.多层状语如果一个中心语前面有好几个状语(多层状语),那就应当注意它们的语序.多层状语的状语
5、个数一般比多层定语的定语个数要少些,其语序也比多层定语的语序要灵活一些.多层状语的一般语序:a.表时间的名词或方位短语,介词短语;b.副词.c.表处所的介词短语或名词,方位短语;d.表情态的形容词或谓词短语;e.表对象的介词短语.其中副词的位置较为灵活,也可放置在第三项之后.一般状语和句首状语状语在句子中有两种位置:一种是在主语之后,谓语中心之前,如上文所举各例,这是状语的一般位置;另一种是放在主语的前面的,这是状语的特殊位置,这种状语可称句首状语.状语的分类状语按其修饰的功能不同可分为八大类：时间状语，地点状语，条件状语，原因状语，目的状语，结果状语，让步状语和比较状语时间状语从句要点: 时
6、间状语从句，由以下连词引导：when ，while， as， after ，before， as soon as， since ，till /until by the time 在时间状语从句中，要注意时态一致。一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。1.when当.的时候Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.2.while当.时He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.3. as在.的同时；一边.一边.He smiled as he stood up.
7、4.after在.之后He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.5.before 在.之前Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.6. as soon as 一.就（scarcely/hardly.when,no sooner than,the minute/moment,on/upon,directly等等）We began to work as soon as we got there.I will writ
8、e to you as soon as I get home.7.since 自.以来到现在表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago.(还可以用作介词，本句从句还可以用短语：since three years ago(自三年前以来)表示。)8 till /until都可以作连词，连接时间状语，也可以作介词，与其它词构成介词短语，在句中作状语。They walked till /until
9、it was dark.Xiao Ming didnt leave home till / until his father came back.9. by the time 到.为止 (所在句子的主句应用现在或过去完成时)By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.By the time I got to school, the class had already began.一 .由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。例如：When you think you know nothing, then you b
10、egin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。Will yo
11、u watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候，请你照看一下我的衣服。You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑。a .when, while和as的区别when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。When she came in, I was eating.(瞬时动词)Whe
12、n I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.（延续性的动词）While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如：While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生)I like playing football while you like playing baske
13、tball.（对比）b, As表示“一边一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如：We always sing as we walk.（as表示“一边一边”）As we was going out, it began to snow.（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）c, as when while的辨析as when while都表示主、从句动作同时发生，三者差异如下：表示“一边。一边的意思as 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时用于发生时间较段时d when1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的
14、动作之前 或之后发生。2、when=and then; at that moment (正在那个时候)3.常用于常见搭配中e while1、用于时间较长时2、 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时有时这三个连词可以互换，有时不可以。lt was raining hard when (as) I got there. ( 动作同时发生，when可换为as, 但不能换为while，因为get是点动词.)When I had read the article, he called me.( 从句动作发生在主句之前，注意时态表达，只能用when )When I got to the cinema, th
15、e film had begun.(从句的动作发生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意时态)He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.( 此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达 “正在” “即将”.while, as不能代替She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.(表转折，对比，when, as都不能代替它)While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl
16、 called the police.(表示主句，从句的动作同时发生，while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词，因为它表示较长时间)Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away.(此时as ,when, while可通用)二 .由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时，从句总是用
17、现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便表达动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如：It will be four days before they come back. Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.They had not been married four months b
18、efore they were divorced. After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.After we had finished the work, we went home.（从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时）三 .由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如：I didnt go to
19、 bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。I didnt work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。四 .由since引导的时间状语从句。since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词
20、，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如：I have been in Beijing since you left. Where have you been since I last saw you? It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在住有四年了。It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开有五个月了。五 知识扩展1. It is s
21、ince从。以来多长时间了(因为since +从句或名词，表示一段时间)It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了。2. It is +before(。才)It was a long time before I went to sleep again.It was an hour before(=until) the police arrived.3. 由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状
22、语从句。这些连词都表示“一就”。例如：I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭，我立即到那里去。The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点。As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就给你来。注意hardly(scarcely, rarely)when / before, no soonerthan相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过
23、去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如：He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。Hardly had I sat down when he stepped
24、in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。六 .由by the time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果从句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如：By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。By the time you come he
25、re tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候，我将已经完成此工作了。七 由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。例如：Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来，总是来看我。Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that hes about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候，我猜想他就要说谎了。You grow younger ev
26、ery time I see you. 每次遇到你，见你更年轻了。八 .由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久就多久”。例如：You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去，只要在天黑以前回来就行。I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存，我就要反对这种境况。地点状语从句一 地点状语从句 (adverbial claus
27、e of place)地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型，要点: 由连词where和复合关系词wherever (=no matter where )引导.例如：句型1：Where+地点从句，（there）+主句。注意此句型通常译成“哪里哪里就”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如：Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。They were good persons
28、. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共产党，哪里人民得解放。句型2：Anywhere/ wherever+地点从句，+主句。注意anywhere本身是个副词，但是，常可以引导从句，相当于连词，意思相似于
29、wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处”。例如：Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。二 知识扩展1.Where there is a will , there is a way.有志者事竟成。(谚语)1. It will be mixed school where not all the children are disabled.他将是一所混合式学校，那里的儿童并不都是残疾。(在限定性定语从句中对先行词起着限定作用。)2.Whe
30、rever you go , I go too.无论你到什么地方，我都去。(wherever=no matter where)无论何处，多用于句首。3.Wherever there is smoke , there is fire.无风不起浪。(谚语)4. While she was wondering where to go , she met a policeman.疑问副词where后跟不定式,构成不定式短语.条件状语从句要点： 表示状语从句由连词if, unless (=if not) 意思为除非引导。(让步)1.If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will
31、go hiking.如果明天不下雨, 我们就去远足.2.You will get good grades if you study hard.如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩.3.I wont/ will not go to the party unless he goes there too.我不会去参加聚会的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我也不去.)4.You will be late unless you leave immediately.如果你不马上走,你将会迟到的.(=If you dont leave immediately, you will be late.)难点提示：用条件状
32、语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时.lHe will not leave if it isnt fine tomorrow.一般将来时， 一般现在时lThey are going to have a picnic if it doesnt rain next week.一般将来时, 一般现在时原因状语从句要点: 由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导目的、结果状语从句要点： 目的状语从句由连词that, so that, sothat , in order that 引导。结果状语从句由连词( so )t
33、hat, sothat, suchthat, so much/manythat引导。1. sothat 如此以至于2. so that 以至于, 以便于I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的)我把窗户打开以便于使新鲜空气可以进来。3. suchthat 如此。以至Its such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.天气是如此的好，我们大家都想去公园玩。4. in order that=so that:为了We shall let you know the
34、 details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements.不久我们将会让你知道详情,以便你们能够做出安排。(目的)5.比较：so和 such其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。so foolishsuch a foolso nice a flowersuch a nice flowerso many / few flowerssuch nice flowe
35、rsso much / little money. such rapid progressso many peoplesuch a lot of people（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。The boy is so young that he cant go to school.He is such a young boy that he cant go to school难点+形容词或副词+形+a(an)+单数可数名词so
36、+many 或few+复数可数名词 +that+much或 little+不可数名词so that ,suchthat 都可以in order that两者皆可引导目的地状语从句和结果状语从句，当他们引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语里常常有can, could, may, might, will, would等次。so +adj或adv.+ that， such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果,其中so为副词,后接形容词，副词原型，当可数名词前有many, few；不可数名词前有much, little修饰时，应采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n.
37、 。 such为形容词, 后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的，也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数的,则必须在名词前加不定冠词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people.1。Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.2。there are so few notebooks that I cant give you any.3。It is such nice weather that Id like to take a walk.4。Mike is so hone
38、st a man that we all believe him.(=Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him.)5。The weather is so nice that Id like to take a walk.让步状语从句要点: 表示让步的状语从句由连词 though, although引导.难点：though, although当虽然讲, 都不能和but连用. Although,(though)but的格式是不对的.但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以thought (although)yet(still)
39、的格式是正确的.Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy.Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.虽然他很富有, 然而他并不快乐.although, though 辨析although 不能though 那样用作副词, 放在句末表示强调时要用even though.1。He is looking fit, though.2。Even though I did not understand a word, I kept smiling.3。He is quite experienced,
40、 he is young, though.2)as, though 引导的倒装句as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.注意a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。Try hard as he w
41、ill, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.= Though he tries hard, he never seems虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。c ever if, even though.即使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.d whetheror-不管都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.e no matter +疑问词 或疑问词+后缀everNo matter what happened, he
42、would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替换：no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoeverno matter when = wheneverno matter where = whereverno matter which = whicheverno matter how = however注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.（对）Whatever you say is of
43、no use now.你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given,（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。比较状语从句要点：比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级，比较级与最高级的句子之中。原级1. asas 和。一样Jack is as tall as Bob.捷克和汤姆一样高。2. not so(as)as 和不一样She is not so(as)outgoing as her s
44、ister.她不如她姐姐外向。比较级morethan (更)This book is more instructive than that one.这本书比那本书由教育意义。最高级1.The mostin/ofThis book is the most interesting of the three.这本书是三本中最有趣的。2. the + 形容词+estof/inThis road is the busiest street in our city.知识扩展no more than只不过(嫌少的意思)1。I have no more than two pens.2。Its no more
45、than a mile to the shops.not more than不如。；(前者不如后者)1。Jack is not more diligent than John.2。one of the + 名词(复数).之一(用于最高级)She is one of the best students in our school.方式状语从句1） 方式状语从句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导。as, (just) asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) asso结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是正如，就像，多用于正式
46、文体，例如：1。Always do to the others as you would be done by.2。As water is to fish, so air is to man.3。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.2） as if, as though两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛似的，好像似的，例如：1。They completely ignore th
47、ese facts as if (as though) they never existed.2。He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.3。It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.说明as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：1。He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.2。He cleared his throat as if to say something.3。The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.15 / 15
