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1、I. Phonetic Devices语音修辞1. Onomatopoeia拟声: The use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.例：As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear.All was quiet again in Han Mansion e*cept for some people snoring, the horse
2、 chewing mash, and geese crackling at intervals.I can hear the water splashing, the bees humming, and the frogs croaking.2. Alliteration头韵: It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals and since the sound repe
3、ated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called “front rhyme.例：The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free; We were the first that ever burst into that silent sea.Money makes the mare go.Agoodfameisbetterthanagoodface.3. Consonance (辅韵)：It refers to the repetit
4、ion of the same consonants in the end of a group of words. (一组词，一句话或一行诗歌中，一样的词尾辅音重复出现)例1：He laughs best who laughs last. 例2：With his three hundred wagingThe battle, long he stood.And like a lion raging,E*pires in seas of blood. (此处也称诗歌的rhyme)4. Homoeotoleuton (谐缀), meaning similarity of endings, ref
5、ers to the use of identical or similar sounding suffi*es (后缀) on the final words of phrases or clauses. Homoeotoleuton is usually used in a verse but it also has a wonderful effect in a prose.例：There is no security but opportunity on this earth.I need time to drink but I need more time to think.Educ
6、ation is not received but achieved. 5. Assonance半谐音：Assonance is the repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words.例：Allroads lead to Rome. A city that is set on a hill cannot be hid.城造在山上，是不能隐藏的。Little strokes fell gre
7、at oaks. IISemantic Devices语义修辞6. Simile (明喻)：A simile is a parison between two quite different things, designed to create an unusual, interesting, emotional or other effect often using words such as “like , “asas, “as if/though.例：The poem he wrote is like a colorful painting.He is as stubborn as a
8、mute. The two boys look as if of the same cast He had no more idea of art than a cow明确的比喻“than7. Metaphor隐喻：A metaphor is a word or phrase that describes one thing being used to describe another. It is an implied parison between two or more unlike things; achieved by identifying one with the other.
9、Sometimes both the tenor and vehicle appear, while sometimes only the vehicle appears.A. to be 构造 be动词连接本体the tenor与喻体the vehicle例：Kindness is the golden chain by which society is bound. Lifes but a walking shadow. 人生不过是行走的影子Violence is the cancer of modern society.B. “of 连接本体与喻体。Of表同位关系例：I fall upo
10、n the thorn of life! I bleed! 我落入生活的荆棘中，我淌血C. 用动词和形容词表示比喻例：No one, least of all I, anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U.S. history.The street around the three-storey red brick law court sprouted with rickety stands selling hot dogsIn the background, a tiny
11、apprentice blows a big charcoal fire with a huge leather bellowsworked by a string attached to his big toe the red of the live coals, glowing bright and then dimming rhythmically to the strokes of the bellows.8. Metonymy (转喻):Metonymy is a word or phrase that is used to represent something it is clo
12、sely associated with although both things involved are not of the same kind. 转喻是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。For e*ample: When we say “The kettle is boiling, we actually mean the water in the kettle is boiling. Here the kettle has nothing in mon with water, but has something to do with it. Other e*amples are: th
13、e Press for newspapers in general, Wall Street for the American stock market, the Bench for the judiciary, and Dante for his works.例：His wallet would not allow him that lu*ury. 实际上指钱Pen is mightier than the sword. (前者指文字，后者指武力)He is fond of the bottle. 他嗜好喝酒。bottle代替酒He must have been spoilt from th
14、e cradle.代童年9. Synecdoche提喻：Synecdoche is a form of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole stands for a part, or an individual for a class, the material for the thing or vice versa.例：She was dressed in silk. A hand is needed in our workshop.Two heads are better than one. He toile
15、d all day long to earn his bread.Italy beat France in the World Cup Finals. There wasnt a sail in sight.10. Personification (拟人): Personification gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes to inanimate objects, or to ideas and abstractions. It is thus a form of metaphor
16、 in which the inanimate thing is seen to have some similarity with humans.例：A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes.The flowers nodded to her as she passed. The sun kissed the green fields.11. Pun (双关)Pun is a play on words for a witty or humorous effect, w
17、hich involves an amusing use of e*pressions with a double meaning or the same sound but different meanings.双关是指同形异义词(homonym)或同音异义(homophone)词的巧妙使用，是一种文字游戏。例：Seven days without water make one weak (week).Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man. (death) grave还指严肃It is better to live ric
18、h than to die rich (to live rich指过充实的生活，to die rich指死时很富有，同样地词rich意思不同)Is life worth living It depends on the liver. (Here the play is upon the homonyms liver, meaning one who lives and liver, an important organ in human body.) 12. Euphemism (委婉)Euphemism is when you substitute language that is less
19、 direct and vague for another that is considered to be harsh, blunt or offensive. It is often used out of courtesy or consideration for other peoples feelings.例：On the 14th of March, the greatest living thinker ceased to think.(die)The girl is hard of hearing (is deaf). landscape architect (gardener
20、)sanitation engineer (garbage man) the disadvantaged (the poor) senior citizens (old people)paying guest (boarder)rest room (toilet)13. Hyperbole (夸)：Hyperbole is overstatement or e*aggerated language that distorts facts by making them much bigger than they are if looked at objectively. It is often
21、used to e*press ones strong feeling or violent emotions by remarkable imagination for the effect of strong impression, humor or sarcasm. Hyperbole should go beyond facts but cannot be divorced from reality.例：Her beauty made the bright world dim. She shed floods of tears.He plains and with millions o
22、f reasons.His words made my blood freeze. From his mouth flowed the speech sweeter than honey.14. Understatement (低调述) refers to a statement that is not strong enough to e*press facts or feelings with full force, or that deliberately minimize the importance, therefore it is the opposite of hyperbole
23、.例：According to the newspaper, the driver, who was returning from a wedding, seemed puzzled, “I only had two bottles of beer and cocktail. No one was more willing to do a favor for a friend or neighbor than heThe country itself is not unely, despite the grime of the endless mills. 双重否认It is not a di
24、sagreeable thing to be rich. (否认词)15. Irony反语: a method of creating humor or subtle sarcasm in which the actual intent is e*pressed in words which carry the opposite meaning.例. “Could you wait a few days for the money I havent any small change about me.“Oh, you havent Well, of course, I know that ge
25、ntleman like you carry only large notes.This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week.16. O*ymoron矛盾修辞法: O*ymoron is a rhetorical figure in which an epigrammatic (警句的) effect is created by the conjunction of incongruous (不相称的) or contradictory terms. It is a mon device, closely relat
26、ed to antithesis (对立) and parado*, as in “bitter-sweet memories and “mildly magnificent.例：a victorious defeat (虽败犹荣) tearful joy喜极而泣No light, only darkness visible. /He met his son with painful pleasure.To me, you are a familiar stranger.I wont say “yes and I wont say “No, but Im giving you a defini
27、te “Maybe.17. Parado* (隽语): Parado* consists of a statement of proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking may prove to be true, well-found. 隽语是指似非而是，表达一个意味深长的意思的修辞格。Make haste, less speed. 欲速则不达Failu
28、re is the mother of success. A man of great wisdom often seems slowwitted.A friend who always pliments you is not a true friend.The child is father to the man. (Paraphrase: Everyone was once a child and has developed from a child.)The more you give, the more you have. (Paraphrase: The more help you
29、give to others, the more help you will have from others.)18. Allusion典故: It is a figure of speech which makes brief, often casual reference to a historical or literary figure, event or object.例：Achilles heel: a point of weakness, from Greek mythology.Pandoras Bo*: a source of innumerable troubles, f
30、rom Greek mythology.Sword of Damocles (Greek myth) Siren song (Greek myth)Pound of flesh (Shakespeare)19. Transferred epithet 移就: A transferred epithet is an adjective modifying a noun which it cannot logically modify, yet which works because the metaphorical meaning remains clear. 移就指的是作为修饰语的形容词与被修
31、饰语没有逻辑关系，但起到了通感的作用。其特点是把人的感觉沟通用于描摹客观事物形象，表现主观心理感受。例：We spent sleepless nights on a project. (Night cannot be modified by sleepless)She has e*pensive tastes in clothes (Tastes can not be modified by e*pensiveThere was a short thoughtful silence.The moment he saw us, he gave us a sunny smile.The photo
32、 recorded many hopeful eyes of the small village.The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder. 20. Synaesthesia通感Synaesthesia refers to the spontaneous association of sensation of different kinds.例：The flowers smell sweet.She said “Hello to me with a sweet smile. She has a soft voice.21. Contras
33、t (比照) Contrast is the dissimilarity or difference between things. 比照是把对立的意思或事物、或把事物的两个方面放在一起作比拟，让读者在比拟中分清好坏、区分是非。Today we have more materiel but less spirit; more money but less joy.With the development of the society, many people are rich ingoods, but ragged insprit.The old always look backon yest
34、erday while the young always look forward totomorrow. 22. Analogy (类比) Analogy is also a form of parison, but unlike simile or metaphor, which usually concentrates on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several mon qualities or points of resemblance
35、.类比证论是一种通过事物(或事例)与跟它有*些一样特点的事物(或事例)进展比拟类推从而证明论点的方法。The nests of social insects are as ple* as a man-made city. In some insect nests special acmodation is provided for the young and for food storage. Many nests also have devices for regulating the temperature. So insect nests are as functional as hum
36、an houses. (The analogy has been made between social insects and human society.)23. Parody 仿拟 Parody is an imitation of a proverb, epigram, saying or idiom for humorous effect. The imitation is usually manifested in the form of given words, sentences, tones or even the whole piece of writing. Their
37、humorous effects depend largely on the readers knowledge of the original e*pressions. 仿拟是根据家喻户晓的成语或谚语，临时更换其中的*个局部，造成新的成语或谚语；或者根据古今名言警句，在保持其原句不变的情况下，更换其中局部词语，这种修辞方式叫仿拟。例：When in China, do as Chinese do. (When in Rome, do as Romans do.)Where there is a friend, there is a favor. (Where there is a will,
38、 there is a way.)III. Syntactic devices 话语构造修辞24. Parallelism (平行) Parallelism is recurrent syntactical similarity. In this structural arrangement several parts of a sentence or several sentences are developed and phrased similarly to show that the ideas in the parts or sentences are equal in import
39、ance. Parallelism also adds balance and rhythm and, most importantly, clarity to the sentence. In parallelism, the parallel parts must be identical in form, relevant in meaning and sound in logic.平行是指在一个句子或一组句子中重复使用一样的或相似的话语构造，即词、短语、从句等保持平行是句子有平衡感、节奏感和清晰感。a. Words parallel.Responsibility, technique
40、and cooperation are all needed in the job.b. Phrases parallelHe was a man of such great courage, of such deep simplicity, and of such intense honesty.c. Clauses parallelThey vanish from a world where they were of no consequence; where they achieve nothing; where they have left no sign that they had
41、e*isted.d. Sentence parallelWater is indispensable to fish; air is crucial to man.Kind hearts are the gardens; kind thoughts are the roots; kind words are the flowers; kind deeds are the fruits.25. Antithesis (对偶) establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them togeth
42、er or ju*taposing them, often in parallel structure. Function：to make the opposite or different meanings attractive or noticeable.对偶是将字数相等、构造一样或相似的两个词组或句子成对地排列起来的修辞法。对偶的句式看起来整齐美观，读起来节奏铿锵，便于记诵。A wise person controls others; a foolish person is controlled by others.Speechissilver;silenceisgolden.Unite
43、d we stand, divided we fall.注：parallelism由构造一样或相似的两项或三项以上构成，相似于汉语的排比；antithesis把意义相反或相对的排列在对称的构造里，求的匀称和强烈比照感，相似于汉语的对偶，而contrast不要求构造相似或一样，只表达相反的意思。26. Repetition (反复): Repetition is to repeat the same word, phrase or clause with intention. It is a major rhetorical strategy for producing emphasis, cl
44、arity, amplification, or emotional effect. 反复是把词、词组、从句等进展有意识的重复，以到达强调的效果。例：Well work for freedom; well fight for freedom; well die for freedom.The world watches. The world listens. The world waits to see what we will do.27. Loose Sentence (松散句) and Periodic Sentence (掉尾句 )a. A loose sentence is a ty
45、pe of sentence in which the main idea es first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period (句号) were placed at the end of the sentence containing many loose sentences, the sentence often seems informal, rela*ed and conversational.松散句是把主要的思想放在句子开头直接述，把次要的思想作为补充放在
46、后面的一种句式。英语中常见的句子为松散句。这种辞格可使句子意义一目了然，容易使读者抓住重点。例：You can not make great progress in English without good study habits.Beauty is powerful no matter how we argue against it or pretend to be immune.You had better reserve your seats today if you want to watch the game.b. A periodic sentence is one in whi
47、ch the main thought is not pleted until the very end of the sentence. Often this type of sentence is more effective than one in which the main thought is given first, followed by one or more modifying clauses or phrases. This is so because withholding the key word or words of the sentence until the
48、end creates a sense of anticipation in the reader. Thus, a periodic sentence is likely to be more emphatic than a sentence with a loose construction.与松散句相反，掉尾句是把次要的思想放在句子开头，把主要的思想放在后面的一种句式。掉尾句能制造悬念，使读者的兴趣和注意力保持到最后，使用掉尾句是一种有效的强调方法。例：Unable to join the others at the dance because of my sprained ankle, I went to a movie.Despite heavy winds and nearly impenetrable ground fog, the plane landed safely.28. Ellipsis省略a figure of speech characterized by the leaving out of a word or words f
