《过去分词一般表示完成和被动地动作.doc》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《过去分词一般表示完成和被动地动作.doc(27页珍藏版)》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、word过去分词一般表示完成和被动的动作,只有一种形式。即:动词原形加-ed构成。如:fallen leaves 落叶boiled water 开水 I heard the door closed. 我听见门被关上了。 过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别:两者均可表示被动,其区别主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同,但有时它们也可表示一样的意思。如:Written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。Being written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。
2、Having been written in haste, the book has many mistakes. 这书因写得仓促,所以错误不少。有时虽然所表示的时间概念一样,但有细微区别:如:Having been show the lab, we left. 被领着看了实验室后,我们就离开了。 过去分词的句法功能:1、作定语:如:I dont like the book written by Martin. Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。注意:当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过
3、去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。2、过去分词作表语:如:They were very excited at the news. 听到这个消息,他们非常激动。 The window is broken. 窗户破了。 They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。注意:be+过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:The window is broken.系表 The window was broken by the boy.被动有些过去分词是不与物动词构成的,不
4、表示被动,只表示完成。如:boiled water开水 fallen leaves落叶 newly arrived goods新到的货 the risen sun升起的太阳 the changed world变了的世界这类过去分词有:gone, e, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。3、过去分词作宾语补足语:如:I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:如:With the work done, the
5、y went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。4、过去分词作状语:如:Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。表示原因 Onceseen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。表示时间 Given more time, Ill be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。表示条件Though told of the danger, he still risked hi
6、s life to save the boy. 虽然被告之危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。表示让步Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。5、过去分词与逻辑主语构成独立主格:如:All books returned at the end of the term, the library assistant was satisfied. 所有的书期末时都还了,图书管理员很高兴。 The field ploughed, he began to spread seed. 地耕好了,他开始撒种子。 现在分
7、词与过去分词的区别:1、分词作表语:分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite,interest等都是与物动词,汉语意思不是“激动,“高兴,而是“使激动、“使高兴,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的、“令人高兴的,过去分词如此是“感到激动的和“感到高兴的。所以,凡表示“令人的都是-ing形式,但凡表示“感到都用-ed形式。换句话说,假如人对感兴趣,就是somebody is in terestedi n.,假如人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth. is interesting。这类词常见的有:
8、interesting 使人感到高兴interested感到高兴的exciting令人激动的excited感到激动的delighting令人高兴的delighted感到高兴的disappointing令人失望的disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人满意的satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担心的worried感到担心的如:Travelling i
9、s interesting but tiring. 旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。 The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much. 如果要学生学得太多,他们会感到糊涂的。The game is exciting. (现在分词作表语) We were excited at the news. (过去分词作表语)2、分词作定语:分词作定语时有下面几个特点:1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。2)现在分词表示正在进展,过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。如:He rushed into the burni
10、ng house. 他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。 The child standing over there is my brother. 站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。 The room facing south is our classroom. 朝南的房间是我们的教室。 He is an advanced teacher. 他是个先进教师。3)如下不与物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished,
11、 much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-e3、分词作状语:现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。如:He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。 Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮助。 Smiling, they came in.2)过去分词作状语时,过
12、去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。如:Cleaned, the room looks nice. Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。 Faced with difficulties, we must try to overe them. 在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克制。非谓语动词:在句子不作谓语使用的动词,其形式有不定式、现在分词、动名词和过去分词四种通常我们把现在分词和动名词统称为-ing分词。 非谓语动词短语:非谓语动词仍保存动词的性
13、质,可以有自己的宾语、表语或状语,我们将非谓语动词和其宾语、表语或状语一起称作非谓语动词短语。 非谓语动词的判定方法:考虑句中谓语动词以与其它词语同非谓语动词的关系和对非谓语动词形式的限制,以便选用正确的非谓语动词形式。 非谓语动词判定的根本步骤:是否应用-ing分词是否应用不带to的不定式 -ing分词还是不定式-ing分词还是过去分词不定式的用法一、是否应用-ing分词:如下情况必须用-ing分词1、在如下动词短语之后作宾语或宾补时;2、在介词之后作宾语时;3、作句子主语位于句首时;4. 位于限定词后作名词使用时;、5、在“go + -ing形式运动名称和“ do some + -ing形
14、式这类固定短语中。We will go fishing if it doesnt rain tomorrow. She did some shopping last Sunday. 6. ing分词前逻辑主语的使用:有时我们需要在-ing分词前加上其动作的发出者逻辑主语,其动作的发出者用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词表示。二、是否应用不带to的不定式:如下情况必须使用不带to的不定式1、位于情态动词后同情态动词一起作谓语时;2、位于would rather , had better , why (not)之后的不定式;3、位于感官动词和使役动词后作宾补的不定式注:help之后作宾补的不定式可以带
15、to也可不带to;4、两个不定式由and , or , except , but 或 than连接在一起时,第二个不定式常常不带to。三、-ing分词还是不定式: 1、动词like之后,使用不定式主要说明一次性的动作;使用-ing分词主要说明存在的状况。2、begin和start之后,-ing分词和不定式都可使用,但如果begin/start自身为-ing分词时,之后通常用不定式。3、stop、remember、forget和go on之后的非谓语动词形式的判定,主要应考虑非谓语动词的动作在谓语动词动作前是否已发生:如动作发生在谓语动词的动作前,用-ing形式;如动作发生在谓语动词的动作后,用
16、不定式。4、need之后的非谓语动词形式的判定,主要考虑句子的主语同非谓语动词的关系:如句子的主语为非谓语动词的逻辑主语,用不定式;如句子的主语为非谓语动词的逻辑宾语,用-ing形式。5. 感官动词后的非谓语动词形式的判定,主要应考虑是说明整个动作不带to的不定式,还是说明动作的一局部-ing形式。主要有下面几种情况:1句子中有表频率的词时,用不带to的不定式;2look at以与see和hear的过去式后,一般用-ing形式;3watch之后,一般用不带to的不定式。四、-ing分词还是过去分词: 1. 表伴随的插入语中的非谓语动词形式的判定,主要应考虑句子的主语同非谓语动词的关系:如句子的
17、主语为非谓语动词的逻辑主语,用-ing形式;如句子的主语为非谓语动词的逻辑宾语,用过去分词。2. call和name位于名词后,其后带上人名、书名等词语时,用过去分词。3. there be句中位于名词后的非谓语动词,如名词相当于动作发出者主动式,非谓语动词用-ing分词,如名词为动作承受者被动式,非谓语动词用过去分词。五、不定式的用法非上述四种情况时,非谓语动词一般都使用带to的不定式:1不定式的否认形式:在不定式的小品词to前加否认词not。2. 先行词it的使用:当不定式做句子的主语时或做句子的宾语其后带有宾补时,为保持句子结构的平衡,通常将不定式放在句子末尾,而在原主语或宾语的位置上加
18、上先行词it。3. “wh-词+不定式的用法:wh-词特殊凝问词同不定式连用相当于一个wh-词所引导的一个宾语从句,使用时应注意以下原如此:如wh-词为凝问代词what、which、who、whom或whose时,不定式动词应为与物动词,但不带宾语wh-词相当于不定式动词的宾语如wh-词为凝问副词how、when、where等时,不定式短语中不能再出现表示一样关系的词语;另:如不定式动词为与物动词时,其后必须带上宾语。 如wh-词为连词whether时,不定式短语中应有表示选择的局部,否如此不定式短语应用or not结尾。4. 不定式的逻辑主语:不定式动词仍保存动词的特性,也有自己的主语不定式
19、动作的发出者,我们将不定式动作的发出者称为不定式的逻辑主语。5. 不定式的逻辑宾语:有时句子中不定式前的某个词语相当于不定式的宾语,我们将其称为不定式的逻辑宾语,此时不定式的动词应为与物动词或与物动词词组动词为不与物动词时,应加上适当的介词,但不能再带宾语。6. 不定式位于名词后作定语:不定式位于名词后作定语使用时应注意考虑名词同不定式的关系。、名词相当于不定式的逻辑主语:名词相当于不定式的逻辑宾语:此时不定式的动词应为与物动词或与物动词词组动词为不与物动词时,应加上适当的介词,但不能再带宾语。名词相当于不定式的状语:此时不定式应以介词结尾因为名词不能直接作状语,而应在其前加上适当的介词构成介
20、词短语来作状语,说明地点、方式等,所加的介词这时放在不定式后。 状语从句指句子用作状语时,起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比拟等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导,也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开,位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。 比拟while/as/when:1、as/when引导短暂性动作的动词例句:如:Just as/Just when/When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.2、当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前,只
21、能用when引导这个从句,不可用as或while。如:When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.3、从句表示“随时间推移连词能用as,不用when或while。如:As the day went on, the weather got worse.比拟untill/till:两个连词意义一样,肯定形式表示的意思是“做某事直至某时,动词必须是延续性的。否认形式表达的意思是“直至某时才做某事,动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否认式。肯定句例句:I slept until m
22、idnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。 Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。注意:在肯定句中可用before代替:Lets get in the wheat before the sunsets.否认句例句:She didnt arrive until 6oclock.I didnt manage to do it until you had explained how.1、Until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首。例句:Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.2、Untilwhen疑问句中,u
23、ntil要放在句首。例句:Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么时候?注意:否认句可用另外两种句式表示。1Not until在句首,主句用倒装。例句:Not until the early years of the19th century did man know what heat is.2It is not untilthat 状语从句的用种类:1、时间状语从句:表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till(until), since, once, as soon as(或the moment
24、), by the time, no soonerthan, hardly(scarcely) when, everytime等引导。 e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting. He started as soon as he received the news. Once you see him, you will never forget him. No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep. 2、原因状语从句:原因状语从句是表示原因或理由
25、的,引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as, nowthat既然等,for表示因果关系时它引导的不是从句为并列连词,语气不如because强。 e.g. He is disappointed because he didnt get the position. As it is raining, I will not go out. Now that you mention it, I do remember. 3、地点状语从句: 引导地点状语从句的连词是where和wherever等。 e.g. Sit wherever you like. Make a mark
26、where you have a question. 4、目的状语从句: 引导目的状语从句最常用的词组是so, so that从句谓语常有情态动词, in order that, in case以防,以免等。 e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you. She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons. He left early in case he should miss the train. 5、结果状语从句: 结果状语从句是表示事态结果
27、的从句,通常主句是原因,从句是结果。由so that从句谓语一般没有情态动词,sothat, suchthat等引导。 e.g. She was ill, so that she didnt attend the meeting. He was so excited that he could not say a word. She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her. 6、条件状语从句: 条件状语从句分真实性有可能实现的事情与非真实性条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情条件句。引导条件状语从句的词组主要有if, unl
28、ess, so(as)long as, on condition that, so(as) far as, if only(=if)。注意:条件从句中的if不能用whether替换。 e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch. You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean. So far as I know据我所知, he will be away for three months. You can go swimming on condition that(=
29、if) you dont go too far away from the river bank. If he had e a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her. 7、让步状语从句: 让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if(though), however, whatever, whetheror, no matter who(when, what,)等引导。注意:as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。 e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot. Child a s
30、he is, he knows a lot. Whatever(=No matter what) you say, Ill never change my mind. 8、方式状语从句: 方式状语从句常由as, as if(though), the way, rather than等引导。 e.g.You must do the exercise as I show you. He acted as if nothing had happened. 9、比拟状语从句: 比拟状语从句常用than, so(as)as, the morethe more等引导。 e.g. I have made a
31、 lot more mistakes than you have. He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford. The busier he is, the happier he feels. 使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题:1、在时间和条件有时也在方式、让步等从句中,主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。e.g. Well go outing if it doesnt rain tomorrow. Ill write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai. 2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让
32、步从句,如果从句的主语与主句主语一致或虽不一致,是it,从句的谓语又包含动词be,就可省略从句中的“主语+be局部。e.g. When(hewas) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night. If(you are) asked you may e in. If(it is) necessary Ill explain to you again. 3、注意区分不同从句:引导的是什么从句,不仅要根据连词,还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例,能引导多种从句。e.g. You are to find it where you lef
33、t it.地点状语从句 Tell me the address where he lives.定语从句,句中有先行词 I dont know where he came from.宾语从句 Where he has gone is not known yet.主语从句 This place is where they once hid.表语从句注意:表示“一就的结构 hardly/scarcelywhen/before/no soonerthan和as soon as都可以表示“一就的意思。例句:I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began to r
34、ain. I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. As soon as I got home, it began to rain.注意:如果hardly/scarcely或nosooner置于句首,句子必须用倒装结构:例句:Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 英语分数的表示法:一、用“基数词序数词表示1分数在英语中通常是借助于基数词和序数词来共同表达的。其中基数词表示分子,
35、序数词表示分母。如:The centimeter is one-tenth of the decimeter or one-hundredth of the meter厘米是分米的十分之一,或者说是米的百分之一。However,the number of boys will bea third or less than the girls in the class但是,班里男生的人数将比女生少三分之一或更少。从以上例子可以看出:分子除用one外,也可用a;如果分子大于1,分母要用复数形式。但是,12不能说aonesecond,而要说aonehalf。例如:The sum of one half
36、,one third and one fourth of a certain number is 13.某数的12,13和14的和是13。14 和34可以说aonefourth和three fourths,但常用a quarter和three quarters表示。应该注意的是,分数修饰名词时,假如该名词是不可数名词只能用单数;假如是可数名词,用单数或复数均可。但是,假如它们在句子中作主语,如此谓语动词是用单数还是复数取决于名词,即与分数所修饰的名词保持一致。例如:Only one-fifth of air consists of oxygen氧气只占空气的15。About two third
37、s of the students attendthe meeting大约23的学生都参加了会议。2.带分数也是常见的英语数词表达。所谓带分数,实际上是“整数分数,表达时分而述之,只是整数局部与分数局部要用连词and连接。当带分数修饰名词时,该名词通常是复数,但假如名词置于整数one或a之后,如此用单数。“带分数名词作主语时,谓语动词根据临近原如此要用复数。例如:You should finish the work within one and a fourth hours你应在125小时内完成工作。The atom breaks up in a minute and a quarter原子在
38、125分钟内裂变。二、用percent等表示表示百分之一可以说oneahundredth,但更常用one percent或percent,即用百分数表示法来表达。例如:Our bodies are 65percent water我们人体含65水分。Seventy-five percent of the earthssur- face is covered by water地球外表的75被水覆盖着。Eighty-five percent of the students in English department are girls英语系85的学生是女生。三、用part表示名词part有“分之一的
39、意思,分子大于1时,part用复数。表示分数的结构一般有以下三种:1.“基数词或a序数词parts a hundred part百分之一2.“基数词partsin基数词 five parts in one thousand千分之五3.“基数词partsper基数词 one part per million百万分之一四、用“基数词介词基数词表示借助介词表示分数,介词前的数词是分子,介词后的数词是分母。例如:1Ninety- nine people out of a hundred,if they were asked who first found America,would answer Cl
40、umbus如果要问是谁首先发现美洲,一百个人中有九十九个百分之九十九将回答是哥伦布。这种结构中的介词主要有in,out of,of 以与to2The map is drawn to a scale of one of ten thousand这X地图是按万分之一的比例绘制的。 英语分数表示法:一般情况下,表示分数时,分子要用基数词,分母用序数词(first, second, third .)。如果分子大于1,分母必须用复数形式。1. 1/2或一半的表示方法:用one half或a half表示。例如:半英里:one (a) half mile或half one (a) mile一个半小时:an
41、 hour and a half或one and a half hours (hour要用复数形式)2. 1/4的表示方法:用one (a) quarter表示。如果分子大于1, quarter用复数形式。例如:1/4 one (a) quarter3/4three quarters3. 如果分子大于1,分母要用序数词的复数形式。如果分数大于1,要用整数局部+ and + 分数表示。例如:1/3 one third或a third5/6 five sixths8 3/5 eight and three fifths4. 比拟复杂的分数用over表示。分子(基数词)+ over + 分母(基数词
42、)。注意这里分子、分母全用基数词表示。例如:51/80 fifty-one over eighty77/232 seventy-seven over two hundred and thirty-two5. 用分子(基数词)+ (out) of + every + 分母(基数词)表示。这里分子、分母也全用基数词表示。例如:1/7one of every seven5/9five out of every nineeg: An investigation showes that about two of every three students in this university are fr
43、om China.一项调查明确这所大学大约有三分之二的学生来自中国。6. 用分子(基数词)+ in + 分母(基数词)表示。这里分子、分母也全用基数词表示。例如:1/3 one in three5/6 five in sixeg: Only about one in five books was written for children ranged from seven to ten years old.只有大约五分之一的书是为七到十岁的儿童写的。7. 用表示减少意义的动词或词组+ 倍数表示减少了n-1/n。例如:eg: The time for the whole journey is s
44、hortened 3 times.整个行程的时间缩短了三分之二(或缩短到原来的三分之一)。8. 当分数后面接名词时,如果分数表示的值大于1,名词用复数;如果小于1,名词用单数。3 3/5 kilograms 三又五分之三千克(读作three and three fifths kilograms)4/5 meter 五分之四米(读作four fifths meter)5/6 inch 六分之五英寸(读作five sixths inch) 百分数表示法:百分号读作percent (per cent),无复数形式,数词要用基数词,应用时常与by连用。例如:数字表示法6%six percent0.58%(naught) point five eight percent200%two hundred percent The output of petroleum went up by twenty percent.石油产量增长了20。The price of food was reduced by ten percent. 食品的价格下降了10。The loss of electricity has been reduced to less than thirty p