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1、考研英语真题和答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zi
2、mmers piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more up
3、keep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning a gradual 7 instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? Thats the question behind this
4、new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species weve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal Ive ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experim
5、ents animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to deci
6、de what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. A Suppose B Consider C Observe D Imagine2. A tended B feared C happened D threatened3
7、. A thinner B stabler C lighter D dimmer4. A tendency B advantage C inclination D priority5. A insists on B sums up C turns out D puts forward6. A off B behind C over D along7. A incredible B spontaneous Cinevitable D gradual8. A fight B doubt C stop D think9. A invisible B limited C indefinite D di
8、fferent10. A upward B forward C afterward D backward11. A features B influences C results D costs12. A outside B on C by D across13. A deliver B carry C perform D apply14. A by chance B in contrast C as usual D for instance15. A if B unless C as D lest16. A moderate B overe C determine D reach17. A
9、at B for C after D with18. A Above all B After all C However D Otherwise19. A fundamental B prehensive C equivalent D hostile20. A By accident B In time C So far D Better still Section II Reading prehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosi
10、ng A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious fort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd, William Wordsworth said in th
11、e 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel
12、 synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But dont bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, theyre there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into o
13、urselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder, says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to decide, just as our
14、 president calls himself the Decider. She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.All of us work through problems in ways of which were unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covere
15、d that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable
16、 during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system that anyone can do anything, expla
17、ins M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will. and Ms. Markovas business partner. “Thats a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters monness. Knowing what youre good at and doing even more of it creates excellence. This is where developing new habits es in.21. The view of Wordsworth h
18、abit is claimed by being A. casual B. familiar C. mechanical D. changeable. 22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be A. predicted B. regulated C. traced D. guided 23. ruts(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to A. tracks B. series C. characteristics D. connect
19、ions24. Ms. Markovas ments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes monnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, plies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree that A. ideas are born of a relaxing
20、mindB. innovativeness could be taught C. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative minds Text 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom or at least confirm that hes the kids dad. All he needs to do is shell
21、our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first bee available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-c
22、ounter kits. More than two dozen panies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate
23、genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a familys geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the pany for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to pare DNA. But some observers are skeptical, “There
24、 is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing, says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single
25、lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a fathers line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandp
26、arents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that mercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is pared. Databases used by some panies dont rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information f
27、rom different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the pany that processes the results. In addition, the puter programs a pany uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation. 26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text
28、 shows PTKs _.Aeasy availabilityBflexibility in pricing C successful promotion D popularity with households27. PTK is used to _.Alocate ones birth placeBpromote genetic researchC identify parent-child kinship D choose children for adoption 28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails
29、to_.Atrace distant ancestors B rebuild reliable bloodlinesC fully use genetic information D achieve the claimed accuracy 29. In the last paragraph ,a problem mercial genetic testing faces is _.Adisorganized data collection B overlapping database building 30. An appropriate title for the text is most
30、 likely to be_.AFors and Againsts of DNA testing B DNA testing and Its problemsCDNA testing outside the lab D lies behind DNA testing Text 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both are
31、a is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is
32、 it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher p
33、roductivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary ca
34、use of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the train
35、ing that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the plexity of the building industrys
36、work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments dont force it. After all, thats how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,00
37、0 years ago, they didnt have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanitys productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly
38、 high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the plex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal educ
39、ation. A lack of formal education, however, doesnt constrain the ability of the developing worlds workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isnt developing more quickly there than it is.31. Th
40、e author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries _.A is subject groundless doubts B has fallen victim of bias C is conventional downgradedD has been overestimated 32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system _.Achallenges economists and p
41、oliticians Btakes efforts of generations C demands priority from the government D requires sufficient labor force 33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _.A the Japanese workforce is better disciplined B the Japanese workforce is more productive Cthe U.S workforce has
42、a better education D the U.S workforce is more organize 34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _.A when people had enough time B prior to better ways of finding food C when people on longer went hung D as a result of pressure on government 35. According to
43、the last paragraph , development of education _.A results directly from petitive environments B does not depend on economic performance C follows improved productivity D cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political l
44、eaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits According to many books and articles, New Englands leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of
45、 an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examin
46、ation of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of
47、Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few
