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1、2020下半年翻译资格考试一级笔译考试精选习题汇总 人必须有自信，这是成功的秘密。今天给大家带来了2020下半年翻译资格考试一级笔译考试精选习题，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。2020下半年翻译资格考试一级笔译考试精选习题Love the Way You Walk迷恋你的步伐Listen carefully to the footsteps in the family home, especially if it has wooden floors unmuffled by carpets, and you can probably work out who it is
2、that is walking about. The features most commonly used to identify people are faces, voices, finger prints and retinal scans. But their “behavioural biometrics”, such as the way they walk, are also giveaways.仔细听家里的脚步声，特别是家里铺的是木地板而又没有地毯消声的话，你大概可以辨认出是谁在走动。最常用于身份识别的体征是面容、声音、指纹和视网膜扫描。但步态等“生物行为特征”也是可循之迹。
3、Researchers have, for several years, used video cameras and computers to analyse peoples gaits, and are now quite good at it. But translating such knowledge into a practical identification system can be tricky especially if that system is supposed to be covert. Cameras are often visible, are fiddly
4、to set up, require good lighting and may have their view obscured by other people. So a team led by Krikor Ozanyan of the University of Manchester, in England and Patricia Scully of the National University of Ireland, in Galway have been looking for a better way to recognise gait. Their answer: pres
5、sure-sensitive mats.近年来，研究人员一直在用摄像机和计算机分析人的步态，目前技术已经相当成熟。但要将这些知识转化为实用的识别系统并不容易，尤其是还需要实现隐蔽性。摄像机往往容易被看到，安装也较为繁琐，又需要有足够的光线，而且镜头还可能被他人遮挡。因此，英国曼彻斯特大学的克里科尔奥赞扬(Krikor Ozanyan)和爱尔兰国立大学戈尔韦的帕特丽夏斯高莉(Patricia Scully)带领的团队一直在探索更好的识别步态的方法。他们的解决方案是使用压敏垫。In themselves, such mats are nothing new. They have been part
6、 of security systems for donkeys years. But Dr Ozanyan and Dr Scully use a sophisticated version that can record the amount of pressure applied in different places as someone walks across it. These measurements form a pattern unique to the walker. Dr Ozanyan and Dr Scully therefore turned, as is now
7、 commonplace for anything to do with pattern recognition, to an artificial-intelligence system that uses machine learning to disentangle and recognise such patterns.压敏垫本身并不是什么新发明，长久以来一直是安保系统的一部分。但奥赞扬和斯高莉使用的是更精密的压敏垫，可以在有人走过时记录步伐在不同位置产生的压力值。这些测量数据构成了步行者独有的步态模式。于是，两位研究人员按照如今识别模式的普遍做法，把数据输入一套人工智能系统，运用机器
8、学习来梳理并识别这些模式。It seems to work. In a study published earlier this year the two researchers tested their system on a database of footsteps trodden by 127 different people. They found that its error rate in identifying who was who was a mere 0.7%. And Dr Scully says that even without a database of foot
9、steps to work with the system can determine someones sex (women and men, with wide and narrow pelvises respectively, walk in different ways) and guess, with reasonable accuracy, a subjects age.这看来行得通。在今年早前发表的一项研究中，两位研究人员运用127人的足迹数据测试了该系统。他们发现，系统识别身份的错误率仅为0.7%。斯高莉说，即使不搭配使用足迹数据库，系统也能确定受试者的性别(女性骨盆宽，男性骨
10、盆窄，因而行走方式不同)，并可以还算准确地估计出其年龄。A mat-based gait-recognition system has the advantage that it would work in any lighting conditions even pitch-darkness. And though it might fail to identify someone if, say, she was wearing stilettos and had been entered into the database while wearing trainers, it would
11、 be very hard to fool it by mimicking the gait of an individual who was allowed admission to a particular place.压敏垫步态识别系统的优点是可以在任何光照条件下工作，即使一片漆黑也没问题。如果数据库之前输入的是某人穿运动鞋时的步态，当她换成穿高跟鞋走路时，系统可能就无法识别了。但是，如果想模仿某人的步态来欺骗系统以获准进入特定地点会非常困难。The latest phase of Dr Ozanyans and Dr Scullys project is a redesign of t
12、he mat. The old mats contained arrays of individual pressure sensors. The new ones contain grids of optical fibres. Light-emitting diodes distributed along two adjoining edges of a mat transmit light into the fibres. Sensors on the opposite edges (and thus the opposite ends of the optical fibres) me
13、asure how much of that light is received. Any pressure applied to part of the mat causes a distortion in the fibres and a consequent change in the amount of light transmitted. Both the location and amount of change can be plotted and analysed by the machine-learning system.奥赞扬和斯高莉的研究项目的最新进展是经过重新设计的压
14、敏垫。原来的垫子包含由单个压力传感器组成的阵列。新的垫子则包含多组光纤网格。分布在垫子相邻两条边上的发光二极管将光传输到光纤中。安装在对面两条边上(也就是光纤的另一端)的传感器测量接收到的光量。施加到垫子上某处的任何压力都会引起光纤变形，进而导致传输光量的变化。机器学习系统可以识别并分析变化发生的位置和变化的量。Dr Ozanyan says that the team have built a demonstration fibre-optic mat, two metres long and a metre wide, using materials that cost ?100 ($13
15、0). They are now talking to companies about commercialising it. One application might be in health care, particularly for the elderly. A fibre-optic mat installed in a nursing home or an old persons own residence could monitor changes in an individuals gait that presage certain illnesses. That would
16、 provide early warning of someone being at greater risk of falling over, say, or of their cognition becoming impaired.奥赞扬说，该团队已制成了一块两米长、一米宽的演示用光纤垫，材料成本为100英镑(130美元)。他们正与多家公司洽谈，希望将其商业化。医疗保健或许会是应用领域之一，特别是在照护老年人方面。将光纤垫安装在养老院或老人自己家中，可以监测一个人步态的变化，预测某些疾病。这将提供早期预警，例如提醒某人较有可能摔倒或出现认知受损。Gait analysis might al
17、so be used as a security measure in the workplace, monitoring access to restricted areas, such as parts of military bases, server farms or laboratories dealing with hazardous materials. In these cases, employees would need to agree to their gaits being scanned, just as they would agree to the scanni
18、ng of their faces or retinas for optical security systems.步态分析也可作为工作场所的安保措施，用于监控限制区域的人员进出，例如军事基地、服务器农场，或处理危险品的实验室。在这些情况下，员工需要同意系统扫描自己的步态，就像同意光学安保系统扫描自己的面部或视网膜那样。Perhaps the most intriguing use of gait-recognition mats, though, would be in public places, such as airports. For that to work, the footst
19、eps of those to be recognised would need to have been stored in a database, which would be harder to arrange than the collection of mugshots and fingerprints that existing airport security systems rely on. Some people, however, might volunteer for it. Many aircrew or preregistered frequent flyers wo
20、uld welcome anything that speeded up one of the most tiresome parts of modern travel.不过，步态识别垫最吸引人的用途可能在公共场所，例如机场。要实现这一点，被识别者的步态资料需要被提前存储到数据库中，而这会比机场现有安全系统所倚赖的面部照片和指纹更难收集。但有些人可能会自愿提供。任何革新，若能加速安检这一现代出行中最烦人的环节之一，许多空勤人员或预先登记的飞行常客都会欢迎它。2020下半年翻译资格考试一级笔译考试精选习题Unprecedented Medical Case Shows How Cancer Sp
21、read from Organ Donor to Four Recipients骇人：癌症细胞竟随器官移植传播An extraordinary and terrifying medical case revealed in the July issue of the American Journal of Transplantation proves that organ transplants can pass not only certain infectious diseases to recipients, but in rare cases, also cancer.美国移植杂志七月
22、刊披露的一个离奇骇人的病例证实，器官移植不但会把某些传染性疾病传给器官接受者，在极少数情况下还会把癌症传给接受者。Patients known to have malignant tumors are often not able to donate their organs, but that was not the case of a 53-year-old woman who died of a stroke in 20XX. She had no known conditions that could prevent doctors from transplanting her org
23、ans, and repeated tests revealed no sign of cancer. The womans kidneys, lungs, liver and heart were transplanted into donor recipients, but instead of saving their lives, they infected four of the five recipients with cancer, while the fifth died of unrelated causes shortly after the transplant.已知患有
24、恶性肿瘤的病人通常不能捐献自己的器官，但20XX年死于中风的一名53岁女性并不属于这种情况。她没有任何已知的病症阻止医生移植她的器官，而反复的检查也没有显示出癌症的迹象。这名女性的肾、肺、肝及心脏被移植给了几个器官接受者，结果非但没有救这些人的命，反而让五个接受者中的四人都染上了癌症，而第五个人在接受器官移植后不久就因其他原因去世。The four organ recipients had recovered well after the transplants, but 16 months later, the woman who had received the donors lung f
25、ell ill and was subsequently diagnosed with cancer in the lymph nodes in her chest. Unfortunately, we live in an age when someone is diagnosed with cancer every couple of minutes, but what made this case remarkable was that tests showed the cancerous cells were actually breast cancer cells. Further
26、DNA analysis revealed that they had come from the organ donor.四个器官接受者在接受移植后一开始都恢复得不错，但16个月之后，接受肺移植的女性就病倒了，随后被诊断出胸部的淋巴结有癌细胞。不幸的是，我们生活在一个每几分钟就有人被诊断出癌症的年代，但这个病例的离奇之处在于，测试结果显示，这些癌细胞实际上是乳腺癌细胞。进一步的DNA分析揭示，乳腺癌细胞来自器官捐赠者。The lung recipients cancer spread and she died about a year after her disease was discov
27、ered. At the time, the remaining three organ recipients were notified that the deceased had become infected with cancer from the organ she had received, and advised to get themselves tested regularly just to make sure the same thing doesnt happen to them. Unfortunately, that wasnt enough接受肺移植女性的癌细胞扩
28、散，并在发现癌症一年后去世。此时医院告知其余三位器官接受者，逝者的癌症来自她被移植的器官，并建议他们定期做检查，确保他们不会同样染上癌症。不幸的是，这样的防范还不够In 20XX, four years after the transplant, the liver recipient was diagnosed with breast cancer cells in her liver. She was given the option of undergoing another transplant, but she refused for fear of potential compli
29、cations. She opted for radiation treatment, which proved successful at first, but the cancer returned, and she died in 20XX.20XX年，在接受器官移植四年后，接受肝移植的人被诊断出肝脏中有乳腺癌细胞。医生给她的选择是再一次接受肝移植，但她因担心出现潜在并发症拒绝了。她选择接受放射疗法，一开始还比较成功，但后来癌症复发，她于20XX年去世。The person who had received the left kidney in 20XX, was diagnosed w
30、ith cancer in 20XX, six years after the transplant. The disease had already spread to several organs when it was discovered, and the patient passed away two months later.20XX年接受左肾移植的人于20XX年，也就是移植6年后，被诊断出癌症。发现癌症时癌细胞已经扩散到几个器官，病人于两个月后离世。The right kidney was transplanted into a 32-year-old man. In 20XX,
31、 tests revealed breast cancer cells in his transplanted organ, but he underwent another surgery to have the kidney removed, underwent chemotherapy and stopped taking medicine that suppressed his immune system. He has been cancer free for 10 years.右肾被移植到一个32岁的男子身上。20XX年，检查结果显示，在他被移植的器官内发现了乳腺癌细胞，但他做了一
32、个摘除肾脏的手术，接受了化疗，并停服抑制免疫系统的药物。如今距离他癌症痊愈已有十年。“Many reports have shown that cancer transmission can occur in solid organ transplantation,” the authors of the recently published case note wrote. “However, this is the first report describing breast cancer transmission after a multi-organ procedure from on
33、e donor to four recipients.”最近这篇病例解析报告的作者写道：“许多报告显示，癌症传播可能在实体器官移植中发生。不过，这是首份描述一对四多器官移植中乳腺癌传播的病例报告。”Its worth pointing out that while terrifying, this case is incredibly rare. Dr. Lewis Teperman, director of organ transplantation at Northwell Health in New Hyde Park, New York, writes that passing can
34、cer through organ donation is “very uncommon”, with chances varying between 0.01 and 0.05 percent.值得指出的是，尽管很骇人，这种情况还是十分罕见的。位于纽约新海德公园的诺斯维尔保健集团器官移植中心主任路易斯塔伯曼医生写道，通过器官移植传播癌症“很不寻常”，几率只有0.01%到0.05%之间。Its not clear exactly how the breast cancer remained undetected during the screening performed before the
35、 transplants, or how it was able to grow in each of the four patients. Researchers believe that the donor may have had “micro metastases”, groups of cells too small to be detected by imaging tests, and that immunosuppressant drugs played a part in helping the cancer spread. Such drugs are taken by o
36、rgan recipients so that their bodies dont reject the new organs, but that means that the cancer cells arent rejected either.目前还不清楚为什么器官移植前的筛查没有检测出乳腺癌细胞，以及癌细胞为什么会在四个接受者体内生长。研究人员认为，捐赠者身上的癌细胞也许有过“微转移”，只是细胞群太小，影像学检查检测不到。此外，器官接受者服用的免疫抑制剂也有助于癌细胞扩散。接受者服用这种药物是为了让身体不排斥新器官，不过这意味着癌细胞也不受排斥。“This extraordinary c
37、ase points out the often fatal consequences of donor-derived breast cancer,” researchers concluded, “and suggests that removal of the donor organ and restoration of immunity can induce complete remission.”研究人员得出结论说：“这个离奇病例说明，源于捐赠者的乳腺癌通常是致命的，并指出，摘除捐赠移植的器官、恢复免疫系统的正常运转可以免受其害。”2020下半年翻译资格考试一级笔译考试精选习题How
38、 to Make College Cheaper怎样才能让大学更便宜一些Better management would allow American universities to do more with less改善下管理就能让美国大学少花钱多办事Derek Bok, a former president of Harvard, once observed that “universities share one characteristic with compulsive gamblers and exiled royalty: there is never enough money t
39、o satisfy their desires.” This is a bit hard on compulsive gamblers and exiled royals. Americas universities have raised their fees five times as fast as inflation over the past 30 years. Student debt in America exceeds credit-card debt. Yet still the universities keep sending begging letters to alu
40、mni and philanthropists.哈佛前校长德里克博克曾经注意到，“大学与病态性赌徒和流亡皇族们有一个共同特征：永远没有足够的钱来满足他们的欲望。”这对于病态性赌徒和流亡皇族们未免有些刻薄。在过去30年中，美国大学提高费用的速度是通货膨胀速度的5倍。在美国的学生债务超过信用卡债务。然而，大学依然向校友们和慈善家们发募捐信。This insatiable appetite for money was bad enough during the boom years. It is truly irritating now that middle-class incomes are s
41、tagnant and students are struggling to find good jobs. Hence a flurry of new thinking about higher education. Are universities inevitably expensive? Vance Fried, of Oklahoma State University, recently conducted a fascinating thought experiment, backed up by detailed calculations. Is it possible to p
42、rovide a first-class undergraduate education for $6,700 a year rather than the $25,900 charged by public research universities or the $51,500 charged by their private peers? He concluded that it is.在经济景气的年份，这种对金钱贪得无厌的胃口让人厌烦。而在目前中产阶级收入缩水、学生为找一份好工作绞尽脑汁之际，这种胃口简直是让人愤怒。因此也就有了一阵对高等教育的重新思考。大学是不是非要如此昂贵呢?最近，
43、俄克拉荷马州立大学的Vance Fried完成了一个迷人的思维实验(有详细计算支持)。提供第一流的本科教育仅花费6700美元，而非公立研究型大学收取的25900美元或私立研究型大学收取的51500美元，这是否可能?Vance Fried认为答案是肯定的。Mr Fried shunned easy solutions. He insisted that students should live in residential colleges, just as they do at Harvard and Yale. He did not suggest getting rid of footba
44、ll stadiums (which usually pay for themselves) or scrimping on bed-and-board.Vance Fried回避了简单的解决方案。他认为学生应当在寄宿制大学学习生活正如哈佛和耶鲁现在那样。他并没有建议去掉足球场(足球场可以自给自足)或者节省膳宿费用。His cost-cutting strategies were as follows. First, separate the funding of teaching and research. Research is a public good, he reasoned, bu
45、t there is no reason why undergraduates should pay for it. Second, increase the student-teacher ratio. Business and law schools achieve good results with big classes. Why not other colleges? Mr Fried thinks that universities will be able to mix some small classes with big ones even if they have fewe
46、r teachers. Third, eliminate or consolidate programmes that attract few students. Fourth, puncture administrative bloat. The cost of administration per student soared by 61% in real terms between 1993 and 20XX. Private research universities spend $7,000 a year per student on “administrative support”
47、: not only deans and department heads but also psychologists, counsellors, human-resources implementation managers and so on. That is more than the entire cost of educating a student under Mr Frieds scheme.他削减开支的策略如下。第一，将教学和学术研究的资金分离开来。他认为，学术研究是一种公益，不过大学生就应当为此买单毫无道理可言。第二，增加学生与老师人数的比率。商学院和法学院上的是大课，但是
48、收效更佳。其他学院为什么就不能呢?Vance Fried认为，即便学校的老师再少一些，大学也能够将许多小班跟大班混在一起。第三，剔除或者加强那些不能很好吸引学生的课程。第四，削弱行政膨胀。实际上，行政管理的费用在1993年至20XX年之间上涨了61%。私立研究型大学一年在每位学生“行政支持”上要花掉7000美元。所谓行政支持，对象不仅有院长、系主任，还有心理学家、辅导员、人事科的执行人员等等。这比Vance Fried方案下培养一位学生的全部费用都要多。Veteran university-watchers may dismiss Mr Frieds ideas as pie in the s
49、ky. (“The only part of college not mired in tradition is the price,” grumbles Ben Wildavsky, a co-editor of “Reinventing Higher Education”.) Yet some universities are beginning to squeeze costs. The University of Minnesotas new campus in Rochester has defined teaching as “job one”. The Harrisburg University of Scienc
