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1、. . 附录附录一：英文文献A 10KV Shunt Hybrid Active Filter for a Power DistributionSystem19 / 19Abstractthis paper analyzes the compensation performance ofa shunt hybrid active power filter. The hybrid active powerfilter, which combines passive filter and active power filter, hasboth respective merits, and is
2、an important developing trend of filtering device. The hybrid active power filter can reduce the capacity of active power filter effectively and is more suitable for the engineering application for high voltage nonlinear loads. The compensation performance of hybrid active power filter is analyzed b
3、y estimating the effect of different active power filter gain and parameters change. Then, a conclusion has been obtained that the harmonic attenuation rate is insensitive to the variation of passive parameters when the active power filter with an enough feedback gain is combined. Finally, the feasi
4、bility and validity of proposed scheme is verified by Simulation using Matlab and a hybrid shunt active power filter prototype.Index Terms:Current harmonics compensation, active power filter, passive filter, generalized integrators.I .INTRODUCTIONIn the development of power electronics brings conven
5、ience to energy conversion and utilization and also causes power quality problems. As one of the key technologies in combating power grid pollution and improving the power quality, active power filter has become a new research emphasis in power electronics technology1-5. Because of high initial cost
6、, the further application of active power filter is restricted. The HAPF, combination of APF and passive filter , can reduce the capacity of Affectively and is more suitable for the engineering application of APF for high voltage nonlinear loads.Traditionally, Passive filter has been used to elimina
7、te the harmonic in power system due to his low cost and high efficiency. A passive filter shows the low impedance at tuned frequency to absorb current harmonic and has a good compensation performance. However, passive filter has the disadvantage of depending on the parameters of power system, suscep
8、tible to the load and power system resonant and the characteristic change due to aging. In addition, passive filter usually is designed with fixed parameters, which can not be lightly adapted for the variation operation condition.Active power filter has been developed to overcome of disadvantages of
9、 passive filter and can provide flexible and reliable compensation, but is not a cost-effective solution duet the high operation cost.Because of the drawbacks of passive filter and active power filter, the research on hybrid active power filter has become more attractive 6-9. Hybrid active power fil
10、ter composed of passive filter connected in series to an active power filter improves the compensation performance of passive filter remarkably, give more flexibility and reliability to filter device, and redound to the use of active power filter in high-power system avoiding the expensive initial c
11、ost.In this paper, the compensation performance of hybrid active power filter in an industrial power distribution system is analyzed by estimating the effect of different active power filter gain and parameters change. Finally, the compensation of hybrid active power filter is verified by simulation
12、 and a laboratory prototype. The passive filter of prototype was tuned at the seventh harmonic and the generalized integrators are used to eliminate the 5th, 11th and 13th harmonic current10.II. PRINCIPLES OF CURRENT HARMONIC COMPENSATIONThe hybrid active power filter topology is shown in Fig.1, whi
13、ch consists of a three-phase pulse width modulation voltage-source inverter and the passive filter connected in series to APF through coupling transformer. Generally, the active power filter acts as a controlled voltage source and force the harmonic current into the hybrid active power filter. The p
14、rinciple of operation of current harmonic is explained by the single-phase equivalent circuit shown in Fig.2 when the feedback control is applied to the active power filter. In the current harmonic compensation strategy, the active power filter is considered as a controlled voltage source VAPF, and
15、ZF is the impedance of passive filter, ILh is the load harmonic current, ZS is the system impedance.In order to eliminate harmonic of the system current, the active power filter is controlled as a current controlled voltage source. The active power filter imposes a voltage signal VAPF that forces lo
16、ad harmonic current flow into the passive filter, thus improving its compensation performance in despite of the variation in the tuned frequency of the passive filter. The voltage reference of active power filter is equal toVAPF = K I sh Where, K is the harmonic compensation gain. Supposing utility
17、voltage is pure sinusoidal, the ration between the utility harmonic current and the load harmonic current is obtained, which can be used to denote the filtering characteristics of hybrid active power filter.Otherwise, K acts as a resistance to damp resonance between ZS and ZF. The larger K is select
18、ed, the lower the harmonic contents in the utility current. But this will increase the required power rating of the active power filter. In real condition, K is finite. Otherwise, closed loop control system will become unstable. Fig. 1 hybrid active power filter configuration.Fig. 2 Single-phase equ
19、ivalent circuit of the hybrid active power filter scheme.III. ANALYSIS OF THE HYBRID FILTERPERFORMANCE IN A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMThis section will show the compensation performance of hybrid active power filter through an example. The power distribution energizes the six medium frequency furnace, each
20、 of 300KW rate power. The medium frequency furnaces energized by six pulse uncontrolled rectifiers. The single phase diagram of the power distribution is shown in Fig.3only considering hybrid active power filter and medium frequency furnace.Fig. 3 Single-phase line diagram of the power distribution
21、systemThe system harmonic content and harmonic criterion are shown in Table I and the 5th, 7th and 11th frequency harmonics exceed the criterion. So, the passive filters are tuned at the 5th, 7th and 11th frequency harmonic and the rate of reactive power compensation is 500kVar. The system inductanc
22、e and the parameters of passive filters are shown in Table II.TABLE IPOWER SYSTEM AND PASSIVE FILTER PAREMETERS5th7th11thHarmonic content622814Harmonic criterion26.519.812.3TABLE IIPOWER SYSTEM AND PASSIVE FILTER PAREMETERSLCRKVARSystem2.45thharm.filter36.5711.089573487thharm.filter57.863.5721201121
23、1thharm.filter66.461.26382639.6In this case, the rate of active power filter is 25KVA since it would only compensate current harmonic and the coupling transformers turns ratio is equal to 2.Fig.4 shows the harmonic attenuation rate of passive filter and hybrid active power filter. The hybrid active
24、power filter is characterized by using three single resonant filter tuned at the 5th, 7th and 11th harmonic frequency as shown inFig.3. Therefore, the passive filter presents low impedance at the 5th, 7th and 11th harmonic frequency and their neighborhood. When no active power filter is connected in
25、 series with the passive filter, the harmonic amplifying phenomenon appear in the frequency range of 200-240Hz,300-340Hz and 500-640Hz. When the active power filter with a feedback gain of 20 is combined, no harmonic amplifying phenomena occurs. Meanwhile, only adapting the passive filter, the filte
26、ring characteristic is unsatisfactory even at the 5th, 7th and 11th harmonic frequency. When the active power filter with a feedback gain of 20 is combined, the harmonic attenuation rate is increased and the filter performance of the hybrid active power filter is satisfactory at the 5th, 7th and 11t
27、h harmonic frequency.Fig.4 shows the harmonic content of power system indifferent condition. When no filter is connected in parallel with the utility, the 5th, 7th and 11th harmonic current exceed the criterion seriously. After only adapting the passive filter, the harmonic current of utility is wea
28、kened but unsatisfactory adequately. When the active power filter with a feedback gain of 20 is combined, most of 5th, 7th and 11th harmonic current is forced flowing into the hybrid active power filter.Fig.5 shows how the active power filter gain K changes the harmonic attenuation rate of system cu
29、rrent. Large value of K improves the hybrid active power filter compensation performance by increase the harmonic impedance of power system.In addition, Fig.5 shows that the low values of passive filter quality factor Q will increases the impedance at the resonant frequency and weaken the compensati
30、on performance of hybrid active power filter. The passive filter quality factor Q decides the passive filter bandwidth. Though increasing the value of active power filter gain K can compensate the adverse effect of low value of Q, which would results in the increase of active power filter output vol
31、tage required to keep the same compensation performance, thus increasing the active power filter rated power.Fig. 4 Hybrid active power filter frequency response and Harmonic Content.From Fig.5, a conclusion can be received that the quality factor of passive filter and the active power filter gain d
32、irectly affect the compensation performance of hybrid active power filter when the tuned frequency is fixed. If the quality factor of passive filter is not properly selected, the active power filter gain K must been increased to obtain the satisfying compensation performance.Fig. 5 Hybrid active pow
33、er filter frequency response for different values of passive filter quality factor Q.Fig.6 shows the hybrid active filter frequency response for different values of the system equivalent impedance. Generally, the system equivalent impedance must be lower to the passive filter equivalent impedance at
34、 the resonant frequency; otherwise, the passive can not obtain the favorable compensation performance and most load harmonic current will flow to the power system. When no active power filter is connected in series with the passive filter, if utility impedance is lower than the passive filter impeda
35、nce at the tuned frequency, the harmonic attenuation rate is decreased and the filter performance of passive filter is unsatisfactory, as shown in Fig.6 . When the active power filter with an enough feedback gain is combined, the harmonic attenuation rate is insensitive to the variation of utility i
36、mpedance, as shown in Fig.6 .Fig.6 also depicts that the active power filter gain K in bulky utility must bigger than that in weak utility to obtain the same compensation performance.Fig. 6 Hybrid active power filter frequency response for different values of the system equivalent impedance.The simu
37、lation results are shown in Fig.7-10. Fig.7 shows the phase-a load current and it can be seen that the load current is greatly distorted. Fig.8 presents the phase-a supply current when hybrid active power filter is working. Now it can be seen that the hybrid active power filter has improved the qual
38、ity of supply current markedly and the dominating harmonic current has been eliminated effectively. Fig.9 shows the phase-a hybrid filter current. It consists of 5th, 7thand 11th harmonic current mostly.The dynamic compensation performance is studied by load perturbation response and shown in Fig.10
39、. The change in the source current is observed smooth and steady state is reached within 2 cycles.Fig.7. Simulated current waveforms for hybrid filter compensation. Top: simulate load current; bottom: its frequency spectrumFig.8. Simulated current waveforms for hybrid filter compensation. Top: simul
40、ate system line current; bottom: its frequency spectrum.Fig.9. Simulated current waveforms for hybrid filter compensation. Top: simulate hybrid filter current; bottom: its frequency spectrum.Fig.10. Dynamic simulated current waveforms for hybrid filter compensation. Top: simulate system line current
41、; middle: simulate load current; bottom: simulate hybrid filter current.IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTSA three-phase hybrid shunt active power filter laboratory prototype using IGBT was implemented and tested in the compensation of a six-pulse uncontrolled rectifier, as shown in Fig.11. The VSI dc-link vol
42、tage is composed of a capacitor bank of 6800F for a dc-link voltage 450V. The Eupec 1200V/200A IGBT are used and driven by theM57962L gate drivers. The digital control system incorporates a double DSP and CPLD circuit. The sampling period is 200 s . Phase detection and control algorithm are complete
43、d byTMS320C32, and sampling and SVPWM program are implemented by TMS320F240. The inverter was operated at5-kHz switching frequency and was connected in series to a passive filter directly. The passive filter was tuned at the seventh harmonic and quality factor Q equal to 60.The parameters of the exp
44、eriment circuit are shown in Table III.Fig.11 PI current controller using generalized integratorsTABLE IIITHE PARAMETERS OF THE EXPERIMENT CIRCUITUtility impedance0.5mHUtility phase-phase voltage380VDc-voltage200VC750uFL74mHSince such a single seventh harmonic tuned LC filter issued, a no negligible
45、 amount of the 5th, 11th and 13thharmonic current still remains in the supply. Thus, the generalized integrators are used to eliminate the 5th, 11th and13th harmonic current.The proposed controller based on generalized integrators in stationary frame is depicted in Fig.12, Where, *VAPF is Violate re
46、ference, *is is grid current reference.Fig.12 PI current controller using generalized integratorsWhere, Ki is the integral coefficient. The following discrete formula is use to realize the digital generalized integrators.For reducing the computation time, the generalized integrators are implemented
47、by iterative arithmetic.When generalized integrators are used, the harmonic attenuation rate is shown in Fig.13. Fig.13 illustrates that the5th, 11th, 13th, 17th and 19th harmonic current are eliminated effectively by reason of generalized integrators.Steady-state experimental results are shown in F
48、igs.14-16.Fig.14 shows the experimental waveform of load current; the associate frequency spectrum is shown in Fig.14 .In this case, the load current consists of a mass of harmonic current. As shown in Fig.15, when only proportion controller is used, the elimination of harmonics besides tuned frequency is very limited by hybrid active power filter.With hybrid active
