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1、托福阅读解题遭遇生词怎么办 托福阅读解题遭遇生词不要慌, 这些推断方法顺利猜词义，今天给大家带来了托福阅读解题遭遇生词不要慌，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福阅读解题遭遇生词不要慌 这些推断方法顺利猜词义1、根据同义、反义关系猜词如果该词前或后出现的内容提示它们是反义关系。(表示相反概念的词语如下rather than，instead，unlike，contrast，on the contrary.)例如:the main conflict in the novel is between a mother who places a highvalue on hard w
2、ork and honor and a son who repudiates his mothers valuesinstead preferring the easier path to fortune and celebritythe word repudiates in the passage in closest in meaning to _A、refuses to accept B、lives up to C、tries to understand D、makes the best of假如repudiates我们不认识，从后面的小词 instead 这个词判定儿子和妈妈价值观念是
3、相反的，由此信息看四个选项，你会发现只有A选项带有否定的意味2、根据句意或段落*的上、下文猜测(1)、后面的句子或短词单词在解释前面的词。(常见的标志词:contribute to，be responsible for，account for，since ，therefore ，for，because，in which等)his big break came with the novel so big(1924) ,which wasawarded the pulitzer in literature.the word break in this sentence could best be
4、replaced by _A、rupture B、revelation C、opportunity D、restwhich was awarded the pulitzer in literature告诉我们一定考查的是正态度，所以答案不可能是AD，所以应该选C、opportunity 是一种有利的状态或合适的时机。(2)后面的和此词为并列关系。(并列关系词如下：and not only .but also asas and both andeither or neither nor.)托福阅读：我们都是柯南，详解推断题推断题，顾名思义，就是要做一定的推理，于是，同学们沸腾了，推理啊!谁不会啊
5、!毛利小五郎上身!神探夏洛克附体!我就是柯南!五花八门，无奇不有，无孔不入，似乎每个选项都很有道理!于是，陷入死循环，等到再遇到这样的题型，只能凭感觉，看到哪个选项顺眼，就选择哪个选项。然后，你就错了。那么，今天我们从一个最简单的角度来攻破推断题，即反向推理。反向推理，指当事物A和事物B特征相反，现在已知事物A特征，问B特征时，那么B等于A的反向特征。而其中，最为明显的在于时间前后的推理。我们先看一道非常简单的真题。【Paragraph 1】The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in
6、the main, the story of the expansion of American agricultureof the development of new areas for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter
7、 a national market economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of westward migration increased spectacularly. Old America seemed to be breaking up and moving westward, observed an English visitor in 1817,during the first great wave of migration. Emigration to the West reached a
8、 peak in the 1830s. Whereas in 1810 only a seventh of the American people lived west of the Appalachian Mountains, by 1840 more than a third lived there.1.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?A.They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco, and c
9、otton.B. They were able to sell their produce at high prices.C. They had not been successful in raising cattle.D. They did not operate in a national market economy.本题中有非常明显的信息可以帮助我们定位，即年份数字“1815”，定位到原文After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficien
10、t way of life and enter a national market economy. 在1815年之后，改进的交通方式使得越来越多的西部弄明逃开了自给自足的生活方式，进入了国家市场经济。这是讲在1815年之后的事情，而题干中问的是“prior to 1815”，即在1815年之前，那么根据反向推理原理，直接对1815年之后的事情取反，即“在1815年之前，交通方式还未改进，人们是自给自足的生活方式，还未进入国家市场经济”，直接对应D选项。所以本题选择D选项。在托福阅读考试当中，时间上的反向推理题还有很多很多，难度也可能会更高，比如，我们再来一道题。【Paragraph 1】It
11、 was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. Since the Cambrian period, biodiversity has generally risen, but ther
12、e have been some notable exceptions. Biodiversity collapsed dramatically during at least five periods because of mass extinctions around the globe. The five major mass extinctions receive most of the attention, but they are only one end of a spectrum of extinction events. Collectively, more species
13、went extinct during smaller events that were less dramatic but more frequent. The best known of the five major extinction events, the one that saw the demise of the dinosaurs, is the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction.2. Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life on Earth before t
14、he Cambrian period?A. Biodiversity levels were steady, as indicated by the fossil record.B. Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked.C. The most dramatic extinction episode occurred.D. Few microscopic species existed.本题中我们可以根据专业词汇“Cambrian period”定位到It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning
15、 about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity. 直到六亿年前的寒武纪时期，肉眼可见的生物才在地球上大量出现并产生可以让我们了解物种多样性兴衰的化石。可是题干中用的是“before the Cambrian period”，即寒武纪之前，那么只要将原文中寒武纪之后的内容取反，即
16、“在寒武纪之前，肉眼可见的生物还没有大量出现，我们还不能了解物种的多样性”，对应B选项。所以，当问题或原句信息中出现了明确的在某种时间前后发生的事件时，大家要注意作者已经在给出一定的提示了，我们可以通过前后的信息进行推断。从这个角度看来，其实，阅读的推断题，很可爱对吗?只要我们了解它的出题原理和作者的出题意图，明确原文中句子间的逻辑关系，其实推断题并不是为难广大考生的绊脚石，而是帮助我们取得阅读高分、提升阅读理解能力的好工具!托福阅读：推断套路千千万，看完这篇斩一半推断题Inference Question，又叫推理题，是许多同学最烦恼的阅读题型。往往阅读已达25分以上的同学，最后的几道错题中
17、就有推断题的身影。曾遇到一个分数已经29的高分学员，二刷托福的最后阶段，还是每每在推断题上栽跟头。原因呢，就在于推断题逻辑的“模糊”比起大部分题型，比如细节题简单粗暴、非黑即白的逻辑，推断题的态度要显得暧昧许多。但首先我们要确定的是，虽然很难在原文中找到直接的同义改写，但文中一定会有依据。一旦依据不足，那做的就不是推断题，而是“脑补题“了。问我们：“What can we infer about X”，实际上是问“作者对X有什么潜台词?”潜台词里套路多，所以我们首先把题目分为两类。一类是(1)“题干定位“型，一类可以叫作(2)“选项定位型“。读完题干就可以区分。举个简单的例子：现在城市中养猫的
18、人群正在兴起，逐渐改变了以往狗多猫少的情况。其中原因有很多，首先，比起养狗，养猫更加方便。猫咪几乎没有体味，不需要遛，也不需要经常洗澡：猫会自己“洗澡”。与狗不同，它们的唾液有很强的清洁力。此外，猫比狗需求的陪伴更少，这很适合生活忙碌的白领人群。现代宠物行业培养了许多适宜家养的猫咪品种。比如美国短毛猫，脾气较为温顺，尤其是银虎斑，性格乖巧，适合作为家养宠物。根据这段原文出两道推断题。(1)关于美国短毛猫，我们可以推断出什么结论?(2)关于养猫，我们可以推断出什么结论?那么第一题就是“题干定位题”，因为“美国短毛猫”可以确定定位区间原文的最后一句话。而第二题，我们却显然无法根据题干来定位，因为整
19、段文字都是讲养猫的。所以第二题我们采取的策略是根据选项去定位。我们可以叫它“选项定位型”。区分了两种类型，就可以分别看看它们的套路了!一个简单的思维导图：今天我们要详细讲解的是题干定位型的推断题。以下是一些用得上的推理逻辑。1. 反向推理要有信心的是：只要题干中的关键词是可以定位的，这道题就肯定不难，肯定可以拿下。我们要做的就是紧扣定位区间，从几句话中确定依据，再回头看选项。很快就可以知道哪几个选项的依据不足。我们还是根据上面这个养猫的例子来出几道题，考考大家的逻辑。1. 关于动物的唾液，我们能推断出什么结论?A. 猫的唾液比人类的沐浴液更有清洁力。B. 狗的唾液没有清洁力。C. 动物的唾液都
20、有清洁力。D. 因为猫的唾液可以自我清洁，所以猫的一生不需要洗澡。这道题拿到手，当然是用“唾液“作为关键词去定位。找到定位区间：“猫咪并不需要遛，也不需要经常洗澡：猫会自己“洗澡”。与狗不同，它们的唾液有很强的清洁力。“依据仅有这两句话，其中没有提到“人类的沐浴液”，因此排除A;“猫不需要经常洗澡”和D中的“一生不需要洗澡”矛盾，排除D;C显然不对，因此选择B。B这个选项，我们叫做反向推理，由“与狗不同，”这句话推出。这个逻辑非常常见。现在来看一看TPO中的练习题：It should be obvious that cetaceans whales, porpoises, and dolphi
21、ns are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds
22、 (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Mis
23、sing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?A.It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.B.There were great numbers of them.C. They lived in the sea
24、 only.D. They did not leave many fossil remains.这道题是非常经典的题干定位、反向推理。题干中的sea otter, 定位到的区间为unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.逻辑和上面那道例题非常相似，根据unl
25、ike推出sea otter情况与cetacean相反，因此选A。还有一种更为隐晦的反向推理。比如，托福出分了，妈妈对你说：你和小明、小红都是一个班的，你看看小明这次考得特别好，小红也考得不错!请问根据妈妈的话可以推断出什么?当然是妈妈的潜台词：“你”没有考好。这件事妈妈没有明说，但仍然是反向推理出来的。那就让我们把这种题目拿下，考出个超级好的成绩，让妈妈无话可说：A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another s
26、pecies. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.Wh
27、ich of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1?A. It excludes interactions between more than two species.B. It makes it less likely for species within a community, to survive.C. Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.D. Its role i
28、n the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.根据题干的commensalism, 找到定位区间“There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community”。第一句话罗列了三种关系，第二句话强调了第一种和第三种是ke
29、y factor，那么没有提到的第二种也就是题干所问的这一种，就是与之相反的不是key factor。答案呼之欲出：就是C,its significance is small.再来一题更难的：With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The samp
30、le consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum we
31、re repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open
32、-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.Which of the following can be inferred from parag
33、raph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?A. It did not contain any marine fossil.B. It had formed in open-ocean conditions.C. It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.D. It contained sediment from nearby deserts.这题拿到手，还是找定位区间：“the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that sug
34、gested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions.”第一句话说gypsum的内在结构说明它是在沙漠形成的;第二句话讲了gypsum上下两层的情况：富含marine fossils。从第二句话中，我们倾向于推出中间的gypsum曾并没有marine fossils，逻辑和上题一样。第一句话给了我们佐证：gypsum本身应当从沙漠来，当然没有海洋沉淀。答案：A。反
35、向推理的逻辑大致如此。其中还有一种较为特殊的“时间推理”，我们也可以看一看。2. 时间推理时间推理的逻辑非常简单。大致就是：小明在20XX年去了美国读大学可以推出20XX年以前小明没有去美国读大学。通过时间先后来反推，其实也属于反向推理中的一种。一道简单的TPO：The story of the westward movement of population in the United States is, in the main, the story of the expansion of American agricultureof the development of new areas
36、 for the raising of livestock and the cultivation of wheat, corn, tobacco, and cotton. After 1815 improved transportation enabled more and more western farmers to escape a self-sufficient way of life and enter a national market economy. During periods when commodity prices were high, the rate of wes
37、tward migration increased spectacularly.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about western farmers prior to 1815?A. They had limited their crop production to wheat, corn, tobacco,and cotton.B. They were able to sell their productat high prices.C. They had not been successful in raising cattle.D. Th
38、ey did not operate in a national market economy.答案选C。你选对了吗?再来看一看时间推理更进一步的题会出成什么样：This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine t
39、he best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find.
40、Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland”, map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.Which of the following can be inferred from parag
41、raph 2 about canal building?A. Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.B. Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.C. Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.D. Canal builders hir
42、ed surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.这道题目跪了无数人。其实这题看似信息杂乱，但题目中的canal building是可以定位的：文中的前3句话。第一句话就是题眼所在：在steam locomotive出现之前，canal building was at its height。你是否理解了at its height?它表示“达到了顶峰“。所以选B，毫无疑问。A信息不足，而C和D都和原文有不同程度的出入。再来练一道题：Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of o
43、il, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are the
44、n dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers
45、, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals su
46、ch as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers?A. They make bringing the oil to the surface easier.B. They signal the presence of huge oil reserves.C. They waste more oil than they collect.D. They are
47、 unlikely to occur nowadays.这道题同样绊倒了许多同学。现在我们再来根据推理逻辑做一遍，就会觉得它并不难。Gusher可以定位到这句话：“Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past.“如此有限的一句话，只能推出D这个结论，其他三个选项，字面看起来虽然很有道理：gusher就是井喷，可以说有A、B、C说的石油到达地表更易、标志着巨大油储量、废油比集油多等特征。但是，它们都没
48、有依据，根本不需要仔细研究。所以先确定依据，再看选项，可以大大节省时间。3. 从属推理最后来讲一讲比较罕见、也较难的逻辑：从属推理。先来举个栗子：新东方的同学们都非常好学。比如小明，他虽然有学校的课业压力，但丝毫不放松托福的学习，不仅能很快完成作业，还能主动提问、积累词汇，最后取得了很好的托福成绩。根据小明我们能推断出什么?A.小明在托福学习上比学校课业上花更多的时间B.小明的词汇量比较差C.小明是新东方的学生D.小明的交作业交得最早这道题很容易，选C，其他选项都是依据不足，过度推断。C这种逻辑我们就叫它“从属推理”。有点像亚里士多德的三段论，但我们更强调观点和例子之间的从属关系。例子能够满足观点的条件。严格来讲，要定位一个选项，应当定位到完整的论证结构，而不是单纯的例子部分。就拿上题来说，如果只定位到小明个人的部分，就会遗漏观点句中的依据。前方高能，难题两道：Even the
