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1、Hearing and Visual Impairments,Dr. Shawnee Wakeman,Hearing and Visual Impairments,Hearing and Visual Impairments,TypesCharacteristicsPrevalenceCausesPreventionAcademic Instructional PracticesTechnology,Hearing and Visual Impairments,How does hearing work?,Sound waves pass through mediumEardrum vibra
2、tesVibrations sent to inner earPass to receptor cellssend impulses to brainBrain translates impulses to sound,How does hearing work?Sound wa,Hearing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Hearing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Types of Hearing Impairments,DeafHard-of-Hearing,Types of Hearing Impairments
3、De,Hearing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Hard-of-Hearing,Means significant hearing lossMinimal loss:Loss of greater than 15-25 dBCan miss up to 10% of classroom speechMild to moderate loss:26 to 50-55 dBSevere hearing loss:71 to 90 dBProfound hearing loss:Greater than 91 dB,Hard-of-HearingMeans s
4、ignifica,Deaf,Profound or severe hearing lossNot able to use hearing to understand speech (may perceive some sound)Speech range loss of greater than 60 dB,DeafProfound or severe hearing,Age of Onset,Congenitally deafPresent at birthPrelingually deafOccurs before language develops (95% occurrence)Pos
5、tlingually deafOccurs after language is developing (typically after age 2),Age of OnsetCongenitally deaf,Types of Hearing Loss,ConductiveOften corrected through surgery or medical treatmentHearing aids beneficialSensorineuralInner earUsually cannot be corrected Sound distorted, if any at allAmplific
6、ation may or may not help,Types of Hearing LossConductiv,Hearing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Hearing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Prevalence,Hearing loss in children is the #1 birth defect in the US1/1000 babies born profoundly deaf2-3/1000 babies born with less severe hearing loss0.14% of
7、children in school are classified as deaf or hard of hearing44% of children deaf or hard of hearing are from diverse backgroundsHard to count total # of children who are deaf/hard of hearing or have multiple disabilities because of varying criteria in different states and becauseThe US Department of
8、 Education reports children by their primary disability, which may not be hearing related,PrevalenceHearing loss in chil,5 Major Causes of Hearing Loss,5 Major Causes of Hearing Loss,Causes of Hearing Loss,Causes of Hearing Loss,Other Causes,PrematurityBlows to headRh incompatibilitySide effects of
9、antibioticsViral infectionsmumps, measlesAnoxia (deprivation of oxygen) at birthExact cause unknown for up to 50% of hearing loss,Other CausesPrematurity,Prevention,Early detectionUniversal screening of newbornsMedical technologyCochlear implantsMiddle ear implantsIncreased public awarenessEarly ide
10、ntification and intervention (e.g., Ottis media)Good health care for childrenLesson noise,PreventionEarly detection,Teaching Approaches for Children with Hearing Disabilities,Bilingual-Bicultural ApproachTotal communication approachUses American Sign Language (ASL) (manual communication) and oral sp
11、eechCued speechUses hand signals to accompany oral speechOral only approachStudents use as much residual hearing as possibleStudents lip-read and speakNo signing,Teaching Approaches for Childr,Bilingual-Bicultural Approach,Bilingual-Bicultural Approach,American Sign Language,American Sign Language,H
12、earing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Controversy:,Oral approach vs. Manual approachAlexander Graham BellEdward Gallaudet,Controversy:Oral approach vs.,Instructional Practices,Keep background noise to a minimumSeat students where they can see everyone speakingUse visual displaysDefine key vocabula
13、ry words slowly and carefullyUse manipulatives to explain math conceptsShow multimedia presentations with subtitlesHave students share their notesUse maps, globes, charts to demonstrate conceptsProvide students with opportunities for discussionFace deaf/hard-of-hearing students when speaking,Instruc
14、tional PracticesKeep ba,Technology,Assistive listening devicesHearing aidsFM transmission devicesAudio loopsTelecommunication devicesText telephone (TTY)Closed captionsOpen captionsComputerized text-to-speech translationsAlerting devices,TechnologyAssistive listening,What does ADA mean for the deaf?
15、,Any building with 4 or more pay phones must have a TTYEach type of public accommodation must have a TTYMeeting rooms for more than 50 people must have permanent assistive listening systemsHotel/motel rooms must have accommodations for the deaf.4% of first 100 rooms2% of additional rooms,What does A
16、DA mean for the dea,Visual Impairments,Visual Impairments,How Vision Works,How Vision Works,Four elements required for normal vision,LightSomething that reflects lightEye processing reflected image into electric impulsesBrain receiving and giving meaning to these impulses,Four elements required for
17、nor,Hearing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Types of vision,Visual efficiencyHow well a person uses sightVisual acuityHow well a person can see at various distancesPeripheral visionOuter area of the visual fieldTunnel visionSevere limitation in peripheral visionCentral vision/field of visionWhen ga
18、zing straight ahead, normal eye is able to see objects within a range greater than 20 degrees and up to 180 degrees,Types of visionVisual efficien,Types of visual disabilities,Low visionIndividuals can use sight to learnVision interferes with daily functioningBlindnessIndividuals use touch and heari
19、ng to learn no functional use of sight,Types of visual disabilitiesLo,Hearing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Hearing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Hearing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Educational Settings,52% spend time in regular classes70%-regular classes with some time in resource class
20、for “Visually impaired”8% attend private residential centers,Educational Settings52% spend,Signs of Visual Disabilities,5% of preschoolers have eye problems which could lead to vision loss if untreated.Half of the 2-3 million people with glaucoma dont know they have it.1 in 7 people age 40 and over
21、have cataracts.People with diabetes are 25-30 times more likely to lose sight than the general public.,Signs of Visual Disabilities5%,Listening Skills,Sound awarenessAuditory attendingAuditory attention spanSound localizationAuditory discriminationAuditory memory,Listening SkillsSound awarenes,Heari
22、ng-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Prevalence,1.3 million Americans are legally blind10 million with low vision or blindnessMajority of these people over age 65Worldwide, 4% of ALL blind people are childrenLess than 0.04% of schoolchildren have visual disabilities and receive special servicesOf thi
23、s group, 1/3 are legally blindHalf of young children with visual disabilities have more than one disability and are often included in the multiple disabilities category,Prevalence1.3 million American,Hearing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Hearing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Hearing-and-Visual
24、-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Hearing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Hearing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Braille,In 1963, 50% of persons with severe visual disabilities used Braille; in 1992, only 10% of blind students use BrailleIDEA says IEP Team MUST address the use of Braille for children with v
25、isual impairments,BrailleIn 1963, 50% of persons,Hearing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Hearing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Hearing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Core Curriculum,Part IParallels curriculum of sighted peers, with pre-learning and adaptation necessary for successPart IICompen
26、satory skills (i.e., communication modes)Orientation and mobilitySocial interaction skillsIndependent living skillsRecreation and leisure skillsCareer educationUse of assistive technologyVisual efficiency skills,Core CurriculumPart I,Hearing-and-Visual-Disabilities听觉与视觉障碍课件,Visual Disability Associa
27、tions,Visual and Hearing ImpairmentUshers SyndromeAssociated with LDTurner SyndromeAssociated with AutismAspergers SyndromeSavant SyndromeAutistic SpectrumAutistic behaviors are common in children with Fragile X syndrome,Visual Disability Associations,Educational Approaches,Must provide TACTILE expe
28、riences to aid students with visual impairmentsStudents need concrete examples:ManipulativesAbacus,Educational ApproachesMust pro,Classroom Accommodations,Teachers must provide consistent organization, expectations, and consequencesChange teaching style to include:Advance organizersOral summariesEnl
29、arged printHandouts of lecturesExtend time on assignments and testsAudio tape lecturesUse terms that concretely name their referentsAllow students to reposition themselves for different activities to enhance opportunities to see and learnRemove obstacles and hazardsHalf open doors can be dangerous,C
30、lassroom AccommodationsTeache,Technology,OptaconOptical-to-tactileConverts print to readable, vibrating formraised pinsKurzweil Personal ReaderOptical character recognition systemScans and reads printed text up to 350 wpmCosts $1500-$4000ComputersMagnify screen images Speech recognition softwardBrailleHigher employment rates for those who use itRequires extensive trainingCumbersome and slow12wpmTeachers cant read BrailleNational decline of people who use Braille 1960-50%, 2000-10%,TechnologyOptacon,
