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1、南华大学附属第一医院ICU 王桥生,Delirium -谵妄,Delirium -谵妄,内容,谵妄的流行病学谵妄概念、主要特征和分类谵妄的目前关注情况谵妄的危害谵妄的风险因素谵妄评估及诊断谵妄的预防谵妄预防的集束化方案-ABCDE方案谵妄治疗,内容谵妄的流行病学,流行病学,Delirium occurs in up to 80% of patients admitted to intensive care units. Although under-diagnosed, delirium is associated with a significant increase in morbidit
2、y and mortality in critical patients.ICU患者谵妄发生率接近80%尽管谵妄诊断不足，谵妄与明显增加危重患者发病率和病死率相关,流行病学Delirium occurs in up to 8,流行病学,Delirium is common in the ICU, affecting 60% to 80% of mechanically ventilated patients and 20% to 50% of nonmechanically ventilated patients谵妄在ICU很常见60-80%机械通气患者发生谵妄20-50%非机械通气患者发生谵
3、妄,流行病学Delirium is common in the,内容,谵妄的流行病学谵妄概念、主要特征和分类谵妄的目前关注情况谵妄的危害谵妄的风险因素谵妄评估及诊断谵妄的预防谵妄预防的集束化方案-ABCDE方案谵妄治疗,内容谵妄的流行病学,概念,Delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU) represents an acute form of organ dysfunction,which manifests as a rapidly developing disturbance of both consciousness and cognition t
4、hat tends to fluctuate throughout the course of a day谵妄以急性器官功能障碍为表现形式：倾向于1天内波动性的、迅速发展的意识和认知紊乱。,概念Delirium in the intensive ca,谵妄的主要特征,The American Psychiatric Association (APA)Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV) defines 4 key features of delir
5、ium:(1) disturbance of consciousness with reduced awareness of the environment and impaired ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention; (2) altered cognition (eg, impaired memory, language disturbance, or disorientation) or the development of a perceptual（知觉） disturbance (eg, hallucinations（幻觉）,
6、delusions（妄想）, or illusions（错觉）) that is not better accounted for by preexisting or evolving dementia（痴呆）;,谵妄的主要特征The American Psychiatri,谵妄的主要特征,(3) disturbance that develops over a short period of time (hours to days) and tends to fluctuate during the course of the day;(4) evidence of an etiologic
7、 factor (ie, delirium due to general medical condition, substance-induced delirium, delirium due to multiple causes, or delirium not otherwise specified),谵妄的主要特征(3) disturbance that de,谵妄分类-发病时间,The classification of delirium can be subdivided by course over time and motor subtypes. 1.The terminolog
8、y, according to the course over time, includesa) prevalent (if it is detected at the time of admission); b) incident (if it emerges during the hospital length of stay); and c) persistent (if the symptoms persist over time),谵妄分类-发病时间The classification o,谵妄分类-运动亚型,2.The terminology according to motor
9、subtypes includes a) hyperactive delirium (in which there is an increase in the psychomotor activity and agitation, with attempts to remove invasive devices); b) hypoactive delirium (characterized by psychomotor slowing, apathy(淡漠), lethargy（昏睡） and a decrease in response to external stimuli); and c
10、) mixed delirium (with unpredictable fluctuation of symptoms between the first two subtypes),谵妄分类-运动亚型2.The terminology ac,谵妄分类,3.Additional definitions are described, which include subsyndromal delirium （亚临床谵妄）and delirium superimposed on dementia（谵妄叠加痴呆）,谵妄分类3.Additional definitions a,谵妄分类-根据ICDSC
11、评分工具,4.defined its presence, using the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist(ICDSC), in a population from an ICU. The ICDSC assigns a score from 0 to 8 points, delirium : a score 4 subsyndromal delirium: a score between 1 and 3,谵妄分类-根据ICDSC评分工具4.defined its,内容,谵妄的流行病学谵妄概念、主要特征和分类谵妄的目前关注情况谵妄的危害
12、谵妄的风险因素谵妄评估及诊断谵妄的预防谵妄预防的集束化方案-ABCDE方案谵妄治疗,内容谵妄的流行病学,目前ICU谵妄关注情况,目前ICU谵妄关注情况,镇静和谵妄评估现状,镇静和谵妄评估现状,使用现有谵妄评估方法的频率,使用现有谵妄评估方法的频率,ICU谵妄评估的障碍,ICU谵妄评估的障碍,护理人员对谵妄评估的看法,护理人员对谵妄评估的看法,内容,谵妄的流行病学谵妄概念、主要特征和分类谵妄的目前关注情况谵妄的危害谵妄的风险因素谵妄评估及诊断谵妄的预防谵妄预防的集束化方案-ABCDE方案谵妄治疗,内容谵妄的流行病学,谵妄的危害,increased risk for prolonged mecha
13、nical ventilation, catheter removal,self-extubation, and the need for physical restraints.In addition, delirium predisposes patients（有谵妄倾向患者） to longer hospital stays, with greater health care costs, increased risk of death during the hospitalization, and increased odds of institutionalization follo
14、wing discharge.Even after hospital discharge, the amount of time a patient has been delirious in the ICU predicts long-term cognitive impairment, physical disability, and death up to a year later.,谵妄的危害increased risk for prolon,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预
15、防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,内容,谵妄的流行病学谵妄概念、主要特征和分类谵妄的目前关注情况谵妄的危害谵妄的风险因素谵妄评估及诊断谵妄的预防谵妄预防的集束化方案-ABCDE方案谵妄治疗,内容谵妄的流行病学,ICU谵妄的风险因素,The average medical ICU patient has 11 or more risk factors for developing delirium,11which can be divided into baseline (predisposing) and hospital-related (p
16、recipitating) factors,ICU谵妄的风险因素The average medical,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,内容,谵妄的流行病学谵妄概念、主要特征和分类谵妄的目前关注情况谵妄的危害谵妄的风险因素谵妄评估及诊断谵妄的预防谵妄预防的集束化方案-ABCDE方案谵妄治疗,内容谵妄的流行病学,谵妄评估,ICU理想的谵妄评估工具 the scale used in this environment must a) have the capacity to evaluate the primary components of delir
17、ium (for example, awareness, inattention, disorganized thought and fluctuation course); b) must have proven validity and reliability in ICU populations; c) must involve a fast and easy evaluation; and d) should not necessitate the presence of psychiatric professionals,谵妄评估ICU理想的谵妄评估工具,ICU谵妄评估工具,1.th
18、e Confusion Assessment Method-ICU (CAM-ICU)把RASS评分整合到CAM-ICU确定有效的两个版本：葡萄糖牙版本和英国版本2.the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist(ICDSC),ICU谵妄评估工具1.the Confusion Asses,CAM-ICU,CAM-ICU临床特征评价指标精神状态突然改变患者是否出现精,ICU谵妄诊断,DSM-是目前谵妄最主要的诊断标准，较专业且繁琐意识模糊评定法（CAM法）：包括4个方面1.急性起病，病程波动2.注意力障碍3.思维混乱4.意识清晰水平改变：清晰（阴性
19、)、警惕、嗜睡、昏睡、昏迷诊断：1和2存在，加上3或者4的任意一条即为CAM(+),表示谵妄存在。敏感性86%，特异性100%。,ICU谵妄诊断DSM-是目前谵妄最主要的诊断标准，较专业且,葡萄牙版本of CAM-ICU,葡萄牙版本of CAM-ICU,English versions of CAM-ICU,English versions of CAM-ICU,RASS评分,RASS评分,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,谵妄评分工具有效性,谵妄评分工具有效性,谵妄鉴别诊断,谵妄鉴别诊断,内容,谵妄的流行病学谵妄概念、主要特征和分类谵妄的目前关注情况谵妄的危害谵妄的风险因素谵妄评估及诊断
20、谵妄的预防谵妄预防的集束化方案-ABCDE方案谵妄治疗,内容谵妄的流行病学,非ICU患者谵妄预防,非ICU患者谵妄预防,ICU谵妄预防,On the whole, the constellation（系列） of risk factors for delirium affecting individual ICU patients varies from patient to patient and thus an individualized strategy for delirium prevention should be sought3 risk factors in particul
21、ar, sedatives, immobility, and sleep disruption, are widespread in the ICU,ICU谵妄预防On the whole, the const,通过镇静管理预防谵妄,通过镇静管理预防谵妄,avoidance of benzodiazepines is an important strategy when seeking to both prevent delirium and reduce its duration.,avoidance of benzodiazepines i,通过疼痛管理预防谵妄,Pain is a mod
22、ifiable risk factor for delirium, and inadequate pain control is a frequent cause for agitation in the ICU. When pain is not assessed and treated, patients may be inappropriately given a sedative medication rather than an analgesic medication.,通过疼痛管理预防谵妄Pain is a modifiable,In summary, these data su
23、ggest that opioids(阿片类) used to treat pain are protective against the development of delirium, whereas those used at doses high enough to cause sedation may increase the risk of delirium. Therefore, patients should undergo regular pain assessments, and when pain is detected effective doses of an ana
24、lgesic（镇痛） medication should be given, taking care to avoid inducing heavy sedation.,In summary, these data suggest,ICU患者早期活动预防谵妄,datas suggest a role for early mobility in the reduction of the duration of delirium among critically ill patients.,ICU患者早期活动预防谵妄datas suggest a r,改善睡眠预防谵妄,Sleep deprivat
25、ion is nearly universal for ICU patients, with the average ICU patient sleeping between 2 and 8 hours in a 24-hour period.,改善睡眠预防谵妄Sleep deprivation is n,Noise-reduction strategies (such as earplugs), normalizing day-night illumination(白天照明), minimizing care-related interventions during normal sleep
26、ing hours, and interventions promoting patient comfort and relaxation are low risk and often inexpensive, and should be implemented to prevent delirium.,Noise-reduction strategies (su,药物干预预防谵妄,there are currently no medications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the prevention or tr
27、eatment of delirium.,药物干预预防谵妄there are currently no,内容,谵妄的流行病学谵妄概念、主要特征和分类谵妄的目前关注情况谵妄的危害谵妄的风险因素谵妄评估及诊断谵妄的预防谵妄预防的集束化方案-ABCDE方案谵妄治疗,内容谵妄的流行病学,预防谵妄- ABCDE Approach,Delirium in the ICU is frequently multifactorial, so it is unlikely that a single intervention can prevent or reduce delirium with regulari
28、ty(规则性)Therefore, a bundled approach combining evidence-based practices in sedation management, ventilator weaning, delirium management, and early mobility and exercise, which is referred to as the ABCDE approach, has been proposed to improve multiple outcomes, including preventing and reducing the
29、duration of delirium in the ICU,预防谵妄- ABCDE Approach Delirium,What Is the ABCDE Bundle?,The ABCDE bundle is multicomponent approach designed to improve patient outcome by facilitating clinical team collaboration, standardizing care processes, and breaking the cycle of oversedation and prolonged vent
30、ilation. With many demands on critical care staff there is a great need to align and support the people, processes, and technology focused on improving the comfort and outcome of patients who require admission to an ICU. The ABCDE bundle promotes patient wakefulness through sedation down-titration a
31、nd optimal sedative and analgesic choice that facilitates early mobilization, delirium recognition, and extubation.,What Is the ABCDE Bundle?,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和
32、ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,谵妄监测与评估,Recent expert guidelines advocate（提倡） the use of the Confusion Assessm
33、ent Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) or the Intensive Care Unit Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC),谵妄监测与评估Recent expert guideline,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,ICU谵妄和ABCDE集束化预防方案,知识回顾Knowledge Review,知识回顾Knowledge Review,
