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1、,杨 宪 益 (1915-2009),Life experience,Main works,Translation Theory,Life Experience,Born into a wealthy banker family in 1915Studied Classics in Merton College(默顿学院), Oxford in1936Returned to China in 1940 with his wife Gladys Taylor 戴乃迭worked for Foreign Languages Press from 1953 Labeled a rightist an
2、d put into prison from 1968 to 1972passed away in 2009,With Gladyss help, he translated the lyrical poem Li Sao by Qu Yuan (4th century BC) into English heroic couplets in the style of John Dryden .They cooperated and introduced a large number of Chinese classics to the English-speaking world.,In 19
3、68, he and Gladys were arrested and held without news of each other or the outside world for four years. After being released from detention, in 1972,Yangs were allowed to complete their translation of the most famous novel of all, the 18th-century Dream of the Red Mansions. Rather than rage against
4、 fate, those who survived would take refuge in humour and self-deprecation.,Main works,Li Sao离骚Records of a Historian史记Dream of the Red Mansions红楼梦The Scholars儒林外史Selected Stories by Lu Xun鲁迅选集Homers Iliad伊利亚特Odyssey 奥德赛Pygmalion卖花女,Translation Theory,Faithfulness and fluency 忠实和通顺 Integration of li
5、teral translation and free translation with emphasizing the previous one.直译与意译相结合，直译为主，意译为辅integration of domestication and foreignization with emphasizing the later one.异化与规化相结合，异化为主，规划为辅,Faithfulness and fluency,杨宪益认为, 译者要忠实于原作者的思想感情,尊重原作者的创造性工作。译者的工作就是尽可能地忠实地传达原作者的思想, 而不是充当原作者的创作助手, 进行附加的文学创作。在忠实
6、的前提下, 译者也要尽可能地做到通顺, 使目标语的读者能够理解文章, 在通顺辅助下的忠实才是真正地忠实, 才真正具有文学价值。否则一味地追求忠实或是一味地追求通顺就会使文章似鸟般的折断了一只翅膀。,例1那一年我才三岁, 记得来了一个癞头和尚, 说要化我去出家, 我父母自是不从。 The year I was three, I remember being told,a scabby monk came to our house and wanted to take me away to be a nun. My parents wouldn t hear of it 杨宪益夫妇简单地调整了一下
7、语序,重置主语, 以便能使句子的结构顺序符合英语语言的要求, 做到通顺。但是从句子的外在形式和语义上却是和原句完全对等的, 做到了忠实。例2也不知请了多少大夫, 吃了多少药, 花了多少钱。 Goodness knows how much silver weve squandered on doctors and medicines to cure this illness of mine. 杨宪益夫妇为了使句子更加符合英语口语化, 就根据意思, 在译文的句首增加了Goodness knows( 天晓得) , 这样不仅忠实地体现出口语中的那种轻微的抱怨与无奈, 而且使句子读起来更加顺口。,直译,
8、 顾名思义就是直接的表现出原文所要表达的意思。其要求就是最大限度地、尽可能完美地保留和表达原作的意义与形式, 以力求保存原作的风姿, 不损害其原创美, 使译文能够最大限度地传达原作者的思想感情。所以在翻译这样的经典著作时, 杨氏夫妇为了保存原作风姿, 尽可能地传达中国语言和社会文化, 主要采用了直译的翻译手法。,例3 子兴冷笑道: “亏你是进士出身, 原何不通”。For a palace Graduate you are not very smart.Zixing chuckled.例4 月满则亏, 水满则溢。The moon waxes only to wane, water brimson
9、ly to overflow.例5 远水解不了近渴。Distant water cant quench a present thirst例6 孩子们都长的这么大了, “没吃过猪肉, 也看见过猪跑”。The boys grown up now. Hes old enough tohave seen a pig run.,意译就是为了正确传达原文意思, 舍弃原句外在形式的一种翻译手法。这种翻译手法虽然牺牲了原作的外在美却更生动地再现了原作的内在美。红楼梦中的大量谚语、成语、习语、俗语等语言现象在英语中无法找到对应的表达方式, 所以不得以采用意译的翻译方法, 舍弃原著的外在美, 而保留原作的内在美,
10、 使异国读者能够没有阻碍地理解原著。,雨村见他回头, 便自为这女子心中有意于他, 便狂不喜尽。 Yuncun seeing this was over joyed, thinking that she must have taken a fancy to him. 赵嬷嬷也笑个不住, 有念佛到: “可是 屋子里跑出青天来了。” Amida Buddha! she crackled.So here comes an impartial judge.,归化是倾向读者,尽量地减少读者理解障碍，但是无形中牺牲了源语言的文化精华;而异化是倾向作者,尽量地保留作者的思想，有益于保存源语言的风姿特色,是将本
11、国文化介绍到外国的有效途径,但无形中增加了读者理解难度。杨宪益与戴乃迭所翻译作品大都是中国古典名著，他们采用异化与归化相结合的方式,以异化为主, 归化为辅,担当起传播中国文化的重任。,黛玉笑道:“也亏你倒听他的话。我平日和你说的,全当耳旁风; 怎么他说了,你就依,比圣旨还快些。” Daiyu retorted, So you do whatever she asks, but let whatever I say go in one ear and out the other. You jump to obey her instructions faster than if they were
12、 an Imperial edict. 圣旨是指中国古代皇帝下达命令, 旨意的一种方式的称呼。在封建王朝社会, 皇帝是一国之主, 控制国家大小事务的独裁统治者, 所以皇帝的命令即圣旨具有不可侵犯和强制执行性。在这里, 杨宪益用专有名词的形式译出, 使异国读者可以间接地了解圣旨文化。,那僧笑道:“你放心, 如今现有一段风流公案, 正该了结, 这一干风流冤家, 尚未投胎入世。” Dont worry, replied the monk. A love drama is about be enacted, but not all its actors have yet incarnated. 熟悉中国文化的人对“风流”一词并不难理解。但是要向异国读者解释何为“风流”, 实属不易, 即算费劲口舌也未必使其豁然开朗。鉴于此,杨氏夫妇索性进行规划处理, 减少不必要的文化障碍。,纵览杨氏夫妇历尽一生心血留下的百余部译著, 使我们高山仰止。在翻译原则中, 杨氏夫妇秉承忠实与通顺以做到尊重原作者的文学创作, 承担译者的责任而不是创作者的责任, 在直译与意译之间倾向直译以保持原作的风姿, 在归化与异化之间倾向归化以保留原作的文化氛围, 体现文化底蕴, 呈现一份原汁原味的文化大餐, 杨氏夫妇真的有太多的东西值得我们学习。,Thank you! Thank you!Thank you!,
