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1、Neuroendocrine system,Neuroendocrine system,The HPG axis,The HPT axis,The HPA axis,The endocrine system differs from most of the other organ systems of the body - the various glands are not anatomically connected; however, they do form a system in the functional sense.,The HPG axisThe HPT axisThe HP
2、,Nervous system performs short term crisis managementEndocrine system regulates long term ongoing metabolic Endocrine communication is carried out by endocrine cells releasing hormonesAlter metabolic activities of tissues and organs Target cellsParacrine communication involves chemical messengers be
3、tween cells within one tissue,Endocrine versus Nervous system,Nervous system performs short,“Here in this well-concealed spot, almost to be covered with a thumbnail, lies the very main spring of primitive existence vegetative, emotional, reproductive on which with more or less success, man has come
4、to superimpose a cortex of inhibitions.”Cushing (1932),“Here in this well-concealed s,rostal,caudal,rostal caudal,Both human PVN and SON contain about 50.000 neurons. Almost all vasopressinergic SON neurons project to the posterior pituitary thus influencing plasma levels. In the PVN there are 3 dif
5、ferent types of vasopressin producing neurons. Some take part in the HPA-axis, some project to the neuropituitary, some to other brain areas.,Both human PVN and SON contain,Hypothalamus,Parvocellular neurosecretory cell (PvC)神经内分泌小细胞 Hypophysiotrophic area, HTA下丘脑促垂体区 调节腺垂体内分泌活动Magnocellular neurose
6、cretory cell (MgC)神经内分泌大细胞 视上核、室旁核 神经垂体激素催产素、血管加压素 神经垂体激素运载蛋白I, II (Neurophysin I, II) 神经肽：脑啡肽、内啡肽、神经肽Y,HypothalamusParvocellular neur,The Hypothalamus - Hormones and Releasing Factors,Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)Corticotropin
7、 Releasing Hormone (CRH)Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)促黑素细胞激素释放/抑制因子（melanophore-stimulating hormone releasing factor, MRF; melanophore-stimulating hormone release-inhibiting factor, MIF)可能是催产素裂解出来的两种小分子肽,The Hypot
8、halamus - Hormones an,Regulation of hypothalamic hormones,神经调节: 单胺类递质: DA, NE, 5-HT 肽类物质: 脑啡肽、-内啡肽、神经降压素、P物质、VIP下级激素的反馈效应,Regulation of hypothalamic hor,Releases 9 important peptide hormonesAll 9 bind to membrane receptors and use cyclic AMP as a second messengerAnterior pituitary originates from ep
9、ithelium; posterior pituitary from neural tissue,Hypophysis = pituitary,Releases 9 important peptide h,Subdivided into the pars distalis, pars intermedia and pars tuberalis,The anterior lobe (adenohypophysis),At the median eminence, neurons release regulatory factors through fenestrated capillaries-
10、 Releasing hormones- Inhibiting hormones,Subdivided into the pars dista,The Pituitary Gland - Anterior Pituitary Hormones,MSH (pars intermedia ),The Pituitary Gland - Anterior,The Pituitary Gland - Anterior Pituitary Hormones,The Pituitary Gland - Anterior,The Pituitary Gland - Posterior Pituitary H
11、ormones,The Pituitary Gland - Posterio,Contains axons of hypothalamic nervesneurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) manufacture antidiuretic hormone (ADH = vasopressin, AVP), oxytocin (OXT) and Neurophysin (NP) ADH decreases the amount of water lost at the kidneys,
12、elevates blood pressureOXT stimulates contractile cells in mammary glands, stimulates smooth muscle cells in uterusTransportation:NP-1 + OT; NP-2 + VPin axoplasm of the neurons fibersRelease: Exocytosis,Posterior Pituitary and hormones,Contains axons of hypothalamic,The structural and chemical chara
13、cteristics of AVP and OXT The cyclical peptides differ in only 2 amino acid positions Both contain disulphide bridges between Cysteine residues (半胱氨酸残基) at positions 1 and 6.,The structural and chemical ch,Regulation of ADH secretion,osmolality secretionIncreased extracellular fluid osmolarity reduc
14、es size of osmoreceptors located in hypothalamus, which in turn stimulates ADH secretion blood volume secretionADH release is also controlled by cardiovascular reflexes in response to blood volume (atrial receptors) /pressure changes,Regulation of ADH secretionos,OXT,Synthesis: SON, PVNSecretion: Pa
15、rturition, lactation, coitionFunction:- Contraction of the uterus* induces labor contraction* reduces postpartum bleeding- Contraction of myoepithelial cells in the breast stimulates milk let-downRegulation- Neuroendocrine reflex (Milk ejection reflex) * Suckling- Positive feedback- Acute stress (-)
16、 OTX secretion * Levels of sex steroids,OXTSynthesis: SON, PVN,神经生物学-下丘脑与垂体的内分泌功能课件,Review: Regulation by Negative Feedback,Review: Regulation by Negative,神经生物学-下丘脑与垂体的内分泌功能课件,Hormone Effects on Gene Activity,Hormone Effects on Gene Activi,Three Methods of Hypothalamic Control over the Endocrine Sys
17、tem,Three Methods of Hypothalamic,Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)Triggers the release of thyroid hormonesThyrotropin releasing hormone promotes the release of TSHAdrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)Stimulates the release of glucocorticoids by the adrenal glandCorticotrophin releasing hormone causes
18、the secretion of ACTHFollicle stimulating hormone (FSH)Stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females and sperm production in malesLeutinizing hormone (LH)Causes ovulation and progestin production in females and androgen production in malesGonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) pro
19、motes the secretion of FSH and LH,Hormones of the adenohypophysis,Thyroid stimulating hormone (T,Prolactin (PRL)Stimulates the development of mammary glands and milk productionGrowth hormone (GH or somatotropin)Stimulates cell growth and replication through release of somatomedins or IGFGrowth-hormo
20、ne releasing hormone (GH-RH)Growth-hormone inhibiting hormone (GH-IH),Hormones of the adenohypophysis,Prolactin (PRL)Hormones of the,Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH),May be secreted by the pars intermedia during fetal development, early childhood, pregnancy or certain diseasesStimulates melanocy
21、tes to produce melaninTypes -MSH, -MSH（人）, -MSHEffect 黑素细胞 (melanophores) 黑色素生成，使黑色素颗粒在细胞内分散 可能参与调节GH、醛固酮、CRH、胰岛素、LH等分泌Regulation MIF MRF,Melanocyte-stimulating hormone,Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC,阿黑皮素原),a precursor hormone with 241 amino acid residues from corticotrophs in anterior pituitary,also sy
22、nthesized by other tissues, e.g. placenta, GIprecursor for ACTH, -lipotropin (-LPH), -lipotropin (-LPH), -endorphin, N-terminal peptide, MSH (-MSH within ACTH, -MSH within -LPH, and -MSH within N-Peptide),Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC,阿黑皮,Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) - a precursor polypeptide, synthesized from the 285-aa polypeptide precursor, pre-pro-opiomelanocortin (pre-POMC), by the removal of a 44-aa signal peptide sequence during translation.,Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) -,
