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1、金字塔与“七大奇迹”,埃及金字塔及相关问题世界上的金字塔文化七大奇迹,金字塔与“七大奇迹”埃及金字塔及相关问题,金字塔文化,古埃及历史分期,The archaic period (c. 3100 - c. 2770)The Old Kingdom (c. 2770 - c. 2200)The 1st Intermediate Period (c. 2200 - c. 2050)The Middle Kingdom (c. 2050-1786)The 1st Intermediate Period (1786 - c. 1560)The New Kingdom (c. 1560 - 1087)T
2、he 1st Intermediate Period (1070 - 664)The Late Period (664 - 323),金字塔文化古埃及历史分期The archaic period,金字塔文化,Pyramids,Pyramids at Giza,金字塔文化PyramidsPyramids at Giza,金字塔文化,Mastaba: Precursor to Egyptian Pyramids,金字塔文化Mastaba: Precursor to Egy,金字塔文化,Mastaba: Precursor to Egyptian Pyramids,金字塔文化Mastaba: Pre
3、cursor to Egy,金字塔文化,梯形金字塔,金字塔文化梯形金字塔,金字塔文化,梯形金字塔,最早的金字塔：法老佐塞尔（Zoser/Djoser）的陵墓，约于2770 BCE由其御医伊姆霍特普（Imhotep）设计和监建。,金字塔文化梯形金字塔最早的金字塔：法老佐塞尔（Zoser/D,金字塔文化,伊姆霍特普,伊姆霍特普出身平民，因其智慧惊人，学识渊博，受到法老的破格重用。他在整个法老时代受到崇拜，死后被尊为神，其名号刻在佐塞尔法老雕像的基座上。,金字塔文化伊姆霍特普伊姆霍特普出身平民，因其智慧惊人，学识渊,金字塔文化,伊姆霍特普,金字塔文化伊姆霍特普,金字塔文化,Pyramids,The
4、Great Pyramid of Giza (Khufus Tomb), Constructed c. 2540-2560 BCE; Height 146.5 m, Base 230.4 m,金字塔文化PyramidsThe Great Pyramid,金字塔文化,金字塔的建造,裔40：古埃及的政治经济大权全部集中在以法老为代表的奴隶主手中，反映了其奴隶主专制的本质。古王国时期建筑的那些庞大的王陵金字塔，就是君主专制的象征。胡夫王因听从祭司们的建议，而使得国民陷于水深火热中。他为了自己，强制全埃及的人民工作，更常以10万人每隔3个月交替一次的方式服劳役。仅仅建设为拖拉石头的道路，就使人民的劳役
5、持续了10年。建造一座金字塔须花费20年。希罗多德历史,金字塔文化金字塔的建造裔40：古埃及的政治经济大权全部集中在,金字塔文化,金字塔的建造,希罗多德（c. 484-425 BCE）与大金字塔建造的时间（c. 2700-2600 BCE）相去2000余年。希腊人很以自己的自由民主制度为骄傲。根据现代学者的估计，即使大金字塔的石头数量有100万块，但若1年用2到4万人员，则10年前后即可完工。,金字塔文化金字塔的建造希罗多德（c. 484-425 BCE,金字塔文化,金字塔的建造,埃及金字塔并非奴隶所建（新浪新闻2002年08月05日）埃及首席考古学家扎希哈瓦斯称，日前在吉萨发现的新墓群表明，
6、大金字塔的建造者是自由工人，而非人们普遍认为的奴隶。他说：“这些墓穴修建在埋葬国王的金字塔旁，这意味着这些人绝不是奴隶。”之前哈瓦斯还在墙上发现了劳工们的涂鸦，他们自称为“胡夫的朋友”，再次证明这些人不是奴隶。哈瓦斯说，已发现的相关证据表明，当时（尼罗河）三角洲和埃及南部地区的农民每天都往建筑工地送21头水牛和23只羊，以解决工人们的吃饭问题，当时共有约1万名工人参与金字塔建造。这些农民无需向古埃及政府缴纳赋税，哈瓦斯说这进一步证实了他们参与的是一个国家工程。,金字塔文化金字塔的建造埃及金字塔并非奴隶所建,金字塔文化,金字塔的建造,The builders of the Great Pyram
7、id were almost certainly seasonal laborers. During the summer months, when the Nile was at its flood stage, there was little or nothing for farmers to do, so they could be employed on massive building projects without detrimental effect to the Egyptian agricultural economy.Why would the laborers do
8、it? Egypt at this time did not know slavery (aside from a small number of war captives); moreover, it is impossible to imagine that a handful of rulers could have forced tens of thousands of subjects to labor against their wills year after year without cowing them by any extraordinary weaponry. Reli
9、gious psychology and group dynamics instead seem to provide the best explanations.,金字塔文化金字塔的建造The builders of the,金字塔文化,金字塔的建造,Bronze was in common use in Egypt only from the New Kingdom (about 1550-1069 BC) on.Iron deposits in Egypt were not worked before the Late or Greco-Roman Periods. The earlie
10、st iron smelting places in Egypt were found at Naukratis and Defenna.Early iron comes highly likely from meteoric iron. In Egypt iron comes into common usage only from about 500 BC.,金字塔文化金字塔的建造Bronze was in commo,金字塔文化,金字塔的建造,裔40：从后王朝时期的第二十七王朝开始，利比亚人、亚述人、波斯人、希腊人、罗马人、阿拉伯人曾先后征服过埃及。The government of th
11、e Old Kingdom was founded upon a policy of peace. In this respect it was virtually unique among ancient states. The pharaoh had no standing army, nor was there anything that could be called a national militia, and local militias generally devoted their energies to labor on the public works.,金字塔文化金字塔
12、的建造裔40：从后王朝时期的第二十七王朝开始,金字塔文化,金字塔的建造,喜克索人（Hyksos ）由亚洲侵入埃及的游牧部族。又译海克索斯人。该名起源于埃及语，意为外国的统治者。初指侵入埃及的西亚部落首领，后来扩大为整个部落集团。该部族可能原居于叙利亚、巴勒斯坦一带，人种来源不明，主要是塞姆语系人，但也有胡里特人的因素。,金字塔文化金字塔的建造喜克索人（Hyksos ）由亚洲侵入埃,金字塔文化,金字塔的建造,The Pharaoh Ahmose battling the Hyksos,金字塔文化金字塔的建造The Pharaoh Ahmose,金字塔文化,金字塔的建造,The laborers
13、apparently believed that their pharaohs were living gods who could ascend to eternal life upon their earthly exits solely by means of proper burial. Zosers step-pyramid was thus in a literal sense a stairway to heaven. And if the pharaohs journeyed well to their eternal glory, life on earth would fl
14、ourish.Collaborative labor must have given the individual toiler a sense of uplifting comradeship and team accomplishment. This point seems borne out by marks found on various pyramid stones reading vigorous team, enduring team, and so forth.,金字塔文化金字塔的建造The laborers appare,金字塔文化,Pyramids,Nubian Pyra
15、mids at Meroe.,金字塔文化PyramidsNubian Pyramids a,金字塔文化,Pyramids outside Egypt,The Pyramid of Cestius, in Rome, was built about 1812 BCE as a tomb for Gaius Cestius, a magistrate and member of one of the four great religious corporations in Rome, the Septemviri Epulonum.,金字塔文化Pyramids outside EgyptThe,金
16、字塔文化,Pyramids outside Egypt,少昊（黄帝子）陵（曲阜）,金字塔文化Pyramids outside Egypt少昊（,金字塔文化,Pyramids outside Egypt,“五帝”的不同说法黄帝、颛顼、帝喾、尧、舜（史记五帝本纪、世本五帝谱、大戴礼五帝德）宓戏（伏羲，太昊）、神农（炎帝）、黄帝、尧、舜（易系辞下）太昊、炎帝、黄帝、少昊、颛顼少昊、颛顼（高阳）、帝喾、尧、舜（孔安国尚书序、帝王世纪）黄帝、少昊、颛顼、喾、尧,金字塔文化Pyramids outside Egypt“五帝,金字塔文化,Pyramids outside Egypt,集安市高句丽王陵墓葬将军
17、坟是高句丽第二十代王长寿王的陵墓，俗称为“将军坟”，将军坟呈截尖方锥形，将军坟被誉为“东方金字塔”。将军坟为方形阶坛石室墓，是高句丽文化高等级墓葬的代表，是高句丽积石阶构陵墓的巅峰之作，自将军坟后，石造陵墓不再见于高句丽王陵。,金字塔文化Pyramids outside Egypt集安市,金字塔文化,Pyramids outside Egypt,集安金字塔,金字塔文化Pyramids outside Egypt集安金,金字塔文化,Pyramids,Thanjavur Temple in Tamil Nadu, India,Tanjan, a legendary asura in Hindu m
18、ythology.,金字塔文化PyramidsThanjavur Temple,金字塔文化,Pyramids,Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan, Mexico,金字塔文化PyramidsPyramid of the Su,金字塔文化,Pyramids,Pyramid of the Moon in Teotihuacan, Mexico,金字塔文化PyramidsPyramid of the Mo,金字塔文化,Pyramids,Pyramid in the Mayan city of Chichen Itza, Mexico,金字塔文化PyramidsPyram
19、id in the Ma,金字塔文化,Pyramids,Mississippian Culture Mound,金字塔文化PyramidsMississippian Cul,金字塔文化,Length 143.3 mNum. of towers 3Tower height 83 mNum. of spires 3 (now lost);Spire height 160 m,裔43：胡夫金字塔是19世纪巴黎埃斐尔铁塔建成以前世界上最高的建筑。,The Lincoln Cathedral,金字塔文化Length 143.3 m裔43：胡夫金字塔是1,金字塔文化,Also called St. Mar
20、ys Cathedral (Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary), an Anglican cathedral in Lincoln, England, was the tallest building in the world from 1300 to 1549, when its central spire collapsed.,The Lincoln Cathedral,金字塔文化Also called St. Marys C,金字塔文化,Pyramids Today,The Summum Pyramid,金字塔文化Pyramids T
21、odayThe Summum,金字塔文化,Pyramids Today,Summum is a religion and philosophy that began in 1975 as a result of Claude Corky Nowells claimed encounter with beings he described as Summa Individuals. According to Nowell, these beings presented him with concepts regarding the nature of creation. As a result
22、of his experience, Nowell founded Summum in order to share the gift he received with others.,金字塔文化Pyramids TodaySummum is a,金字塔文化,Pyramids Today,Stockport Pyramid, England,金字塔文化Pyramids TodayStockport P,金字塔文化,Pyramids Today,The Walter Pyramid in Long Beach, CA,金字塔文化Pyramids TodayThe Walter,金字塔文化,Pyr
23、amids Today,The Pyramid Arena (with 20,142 seats) in Memphis, TN,金字塔文化Pyramids TodayThe Pyramid,金字塔文化,Inversed Pyramids,河内博物馆,金字塔文化Inversed Pyramids河内博物馆,金字塔文化,Inversed Pyramids Today,金字塔文化Inversed Pyramids Today,金字塔文化,The Bosnian Pyramid,Visoica overlooking Visoko in 1973,金字塔文化The Bosnian PyramidVi
24、soi,金字塔文化,The Bosnian Pyramid,金字塔文化The Bosnian Pyramid,金字塔文化,The Bosnian Pyramid,金字塔文化The Bosnian Pyramid,金字塔文化,The Bosnian Pyramid,金字塔文化The Bosnian Pyramid,金字塔文化,The Bosnian Pyramid,Flatiron（平顶脊，熨斗形山）,金字塔文化The Bosnian PyramidFlatir,金字塔文化,7 Wonders of the Ancient World,16C Dutch artist Marten Heemsk
25、erk,金字塔文化7 Wonders of the Ancient,金字塔文化,The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,1. Great Pyramid of Giza2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon3. Temple of Artemis at Ephesus4. Statue of Zeus at Olympia5. Mausoleum of Halicarnassus6. Colossus of Rhodes7. Lighthouse of Alexandria,金字塔文化The Seven Wonders of the,金
26、字塔文化,The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,Hanging Garden of Babylon,金字塔文化The Seven Wonders of the,金字塔文化,The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,Temple of Artemis at Ephesus,金字塔文化The Seven Wonders of the,金字塔文化,The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,Statue of Zeus at Olympia,金字塔文化The Seven Wonders of
27、 the,金字塔文化,The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,Mausoleum of Halicarnassus,金字塔文化The Seven Wonders of the,金字塔文化,The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,Colossus of Rhodes,金字塔文化The Seven Wonders of the,金字塔文化,The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,Lighthouse of Alexandria,金字塔文化The Seven Wonders of the,
