《世界经济教学资料ch2nationaldifferencesinpoliticaleconomy精选文档.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《世界经济教学资料ch2nationaldifferencesinpoliticaleconomy精选文档.ppt（34页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、世界经济教学资料-ch2-national-differences-in-political-economy-PPT精选文档,世界经济教学资料-ch2-national-differen,Introduction about the course,Content1.National Differences in Political Economy2.Globalization3.Historical background of globalization4.International trade theories5.Trade & investment policies6.Foreign di
2、rect investment7.Economic integration8.International monetary system9.U.S. in global economy10.Global perspectives in globalization,Introduction about the courseC,World Economy,MethodSeminar, country focus, casesGroup discussion, team work, presentation, classroom quiz,World EconomyMethod,World Econ
3、omy,RequirementClass-attendingQuestion-answeringPaper-handingActive in discussion & presentation,World EconomyRequirement,World Economy,ExaminationAll in English30% classroom performance & quiz70% final exam,World EconomyExamination,Chapter 2,National Differences in Political Economy,Chapter 2Nation
4、al Differences,2-7,What Is A Political Economy?,The political economy of a nation refers to how the political, economic, and legal systems of a country are interdependentthey interact and influence each otherthey affect the level of economic well-being in the nation,What Is A Political Economy?Th,2-
5、8,What Is A Political System?,Political system refers to the system of government in a nationAssessed according tothe degree to which the country emphasizes collectivism as opposed to individualism the degree to which the country is democratic or totalitarian,What Is A Political System?Pol,2-9,What
6、Is Collectivism?,Collectivism stresses the primacy of collective goals over individual goalscan be traced to the Greek philosopher, Plato (427-347 BC)Today, collectivism is equated with socialists (Karl Marx 1818-1883) advocate state ownership of the basic means of production, distribution, and exch
7、angemanage to benefit society as a whole, rather than individual capitalists,What Is Collectivism?Collectiv,2-10,How Does Modern-Day Socialism Look?,In the early 20th century, socialism split intoCommunism socialism can only be achieved through violent revolution and totalitarian dictatorshipin retr
8、eat worldwide by mid-1990sSocial democrats socialism is achieved through democratic meansretreating as many countries move toward free market economiesstate-owned enterprises have been privatized,How Does Modern-Day Socialism,2-11,What Is Individualism?,Individualism refers to philosophy that an ind
9、ividual should have freedom in his own economic and political pursuitscan be traced to Greek philosopher, Aristotle (384-322 BC), who argued that individual diversity and private ownership are desirable individual economic and political freedoms are the ground rules on which a society should be base
10、d implies democratic political systems and free market economies,What Is Individualism?Individu,2-12,What Is Democracy?,Democracy refers to a political system in which government is by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representativesusually associated with individualism pure
11、democracy is based on the belief that citizens should be directly involved in decision makingmost modern democratic states practice representative democracy where citizens periodically elect individuals to represent them,What Is Democracy?Democracy re,2-13,What Is Totalitarianism?,Totalitarianism is
12、 a form of government in which one person or political party exercises absolute control over all spheres of human life and prohibits opposing political partiesCommunist totalitarianism found in states where the communist party monopolizes powerTheocratic totalitarianism - found in states where polit
13、ical power is monopolized by a party, group, or individual that governs according to religious principlesTribal totalitarianism - found in states where a political party that represents the interests of a particular tribe monopolizes powerRight-wing totalitarianism - permits some individual economic
14、 freedom, but restricts individual political freedom,What Is Totalitarianism?Totali,2-14,What Is An Economic System?,There are three types of economic systemsMarket economies - all productive activities are privately owned and production is determined by the interaction of supply and demand governme
15、nt encourages free and fair competition between private producersCommand economies - government plans the goods and services that a country produces, the quantity that is produced, and the prices as which they are soldall businesses are state-owned, and governments allocate resources for “the good o
16、f society”because there is little incentive to control costs and be efficient, command economies tend to stagnate Mixed economies - certain sectors of the economy are left to private ownership and free market mechanisms while other sectors have significant state ownership and government planninggove
17、rnments tend to own firms that are considered important to national security,What Is An Economic System?The,2-15,What Is A Legal System?,The legal system of a country refers to the rules that regulate behavior along with the processes by which the laws are enforced and through which redress for grie
18、vances is obtainedThere are three types of legal systemsCommon law - based on tradition, precedent, and customCivic law - based on detailed set of laws organized into codesTheocratic law - law is based on religious teachings,What Is A Legal System?The leg,2-16,How Are Contracts Enforced In Different
19、 Legal Systems?,A contract is a document that specifies the conditions under which an exchange is to occur and details the rights and obligations of the parties involvedContract law is the body of law that governs contract enforcementUnder a common law system, contracts tend to be very detailed with
20、 all contingencies spelled outUnder a civil law system, contracts tend to be much shorter and less specific because many issues are already covered in the civil codeMany countries have ratified the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CIGS) which establishes a
21、uniform set of rules governing certain aspects of the making and performance of everyday commercial contracts between buyers and sellers who have their places of business in different nations,How Are Contracts Enforced In,2-17,How Are Property Rights And Corruption Related?,Property rights refer to
22、the legal rights over the use to which a resource is put and over the use made of any income that may be derived from that resourceCan be violated throughPrivate action theft, piracy, blackmail Public action - legally - ex. excessive taxation or illegally - ex. bribes or blackmailing high levels of
23、corruption reduce foreign direct investment, the level of international trade, and the economic growth rate in a country The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act makes it illegal for U.S. companies to bribe foreign government officials to obtain or maintain business over which that foreign official has aut
24、hority,How Are Property Rights And C,2-18,Which Countries Are Most Corrupt?,Rankings of Corruption by Country 2019,Which Countries Are Most Corr,2-19,How Can Intellectual Property Be Protected?,Intellectual property - property that is the product of intellectual activityCan be protected usingPatents
25、 exclusive rights for a defined period to the manufacture, use, or sale of that inventionCopyrights the exclusive legal rights of authors, composers, playwrights, artists, and publishers to publish and disperse their work as they see fitTrademarks design and names by which merchants or manufacturers
26、 designate and differentiate their products,How Can Intellectual Property,2-20,How Can Intellectual Property Be Protected?,Protection of intellectual property rights differs from country to country World Intellectual Property Organization Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial PropertyTo
27、avoid piracy, firms can stay away from countries where intellectual property laws are laxfile lawsuitslobby governments for international property rights agreements and enforcement,How Can Intellectual Property,2-21,What Is Product Safety And Liability?,Product safety laws set certain standards to w
28、hich a product must adhereProduct liability involves holding a firm and its officers responsible when a product causes injury, death, or damage When product safety laws are stricter in a firms home country than in a foreign country, or when liability laws are more lax, the firm has to decide whether
29、 to adhere to home country or host country standards,What Is Product Safety And Li,2-22,What Determines A Countrys Level Of Economic Development?,Two ways to measure levels of economic development areGross national income (GNI) per personPurchasing power parity (PPP) involves adjusting GNI by purcha
30、sing powerNobel-prize winner Amartya Sen argues economic development should be seen as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people experience the removal of major impediments to freedom like poverty, tyranny, and neglect of public facilitiesthe presence of basic health care and basic educat
31、ion,What Determines A Countrys Le,2-23,What Determines A Countrys Level Of Economic Development?,The United Nations used Sens ideas to develop the Human Development Index (HDI) which is based on life expectancy at birtheducational attainmentwhether average incomes are sufficient to meet the basic ne
32、eds of life in a country,What Determines A Countrys Le,2-24,How Do Countries Compare on Economic Development?,Economic Data for Select Countries,How Do Countries Compare on Ec,2-25,How Does Political Economy Influence Economic Progress?,Innovation and entrepreneurship are the engines of long-run eco
33、nomic growthInnovation and entrepreneurship require a market economy and strong property rightsDemocratic regimes are probably more conducive to long-term economic growth than dictatorships, even the benevolent kindSubsequent economic growth leads to the establishment of democratic regimes,How Does
34、Political Economy Inf,2-26,How Do Geography And Education Influence Economic Development?,Countries with favorable geography are more likely to engage in trade, and so, be more open to market-based economic systems, and the economic growth they promoteCountries that invest in education have higher g
35、rowth rates because the workforce is more productive,How Do Geography And Education,2-27,How Is The Political Economy Changing?,Since the late 1980s, two trends have emergedDemocratic revolution (late 1980s and early 1990s)many totalitarian regimes failed to deliver economic progress to the vast bul
36、k of their populationsnew information and communication technologies have broken down the ability of the state to control access to uncensored informationeconomic advances of the last 25 years have led to increasingly prosperous middle and working classes who have pushed for democratic reforms A mov
37、e away from centrally planned and mixed economiesmore countries have shifted toward the market-based model,How Is The Political Economy,2-28,How Free Are Countries Politically?,Political Freedom in 2019,How Free Are Countries Politi,2-29,How Free Are Countries Economically?,Distribution of Economic
38、Freedom in 2019,How Free Are Countries Econom,2-30,What Is The Nature Of Economic Transformation?,The shift toward a market-based system involvesderegulation removing legal restrictions to the free play of markets, the establishment of private enterprises, and the manner in which private enterprises
39、 operate privatization - transfers the ownership of state property into the hands of private investorsthe creation of a legal system to safeguard property rights,What Is The Nature Of Economi,2-31,What Does The Changing Economy Mean For Managers?,Markets that were formerly off-limits to Western busi
40、ness are now openBy identifying and investing early in a potential future economic stars, firms may be able to gain first mover advantages (advantages that accrue to early entrants into a market) and establish loyalty and experience in a countryex. China -1.2 billion people and India 1.1 billion peo
41、pleHowever, the potential risks are largeIt can be more costly to do business in countries with dramatically different product, workplace, and pollution standards, or where there is poor legal protection for property rights,What Does The Changing Econom,2-32,What Does The Changing Economy Mean For M
42、anagers?,Managers must considerPolitical risk - the likelihood that political forces will cause drastic changes in a countrys business environment that adversely affects the profit and other goals of a business enterprise Economic risk - the likelihood that economic mismanagement will cause drastic
43、changes in a countrys business environment that adversely affects the profit and other goals of a business enterprise Legal risk - the likelihood that a trading partner will opportunistically break a contract or expropriate property rights,What Does The Changing Econom,2-33,How Can Managers Determin
44、e A Markets Overall Attractiveness?,The overall attractiveness of a country as a potential market and/or investment site for an international business depends on balancing the benefits, costs, and risks associated with doing business in that countryOther things being equal, the benefit-cost-risk trade-off is likely to be most favorable in politically stable developed and developing nations that have free market systems and no dramatic upsurge in either inflation rates or private sector debt,How Can Managers Determine A M,感谢聆听,感谢聆听,
