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1、化合物的英文命名方法大全(“命名”相关共190张),化合物的英文命名方法大全(“命名”相关共190张),一 无机物的命名 (Inorganic compounds)1 元素与单质的命名,“元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。,2,一 无机物的命名,S-block Element,IA H Hydrogen Li Lithium Na Sodium K Potassium Rb Rubidium Cs Cesium Fr Fra
2、ncium,IIABe BerylliumMg MagnesiumCa CalciumSr StrontiumBa BariumRa Radium,3,S-block Element IA,P-block Element,VIA VIIA 0 He HeliumO Oxygen F Fluorine Ne NeonS Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar ArgonSe Selenium Br Bromine Kr KryptonTe Tellurium I Iodine Xe XenonPo Polonium At Astatine Rn Radon,IIIA IV A V A B B
3、oron C Carbon N Nitrogen Al Aluminium Si Silicon P Phosphorus Ga Gallium Ge Germanium As Arsenic In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismuth,4,P-block ElementVIA,Common Transition Elememt,Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold,5,Common Transition
4、 Elememt Fe,2化合物的命名,化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀 (1)mono-,(2)di -,(3)tri- ,(4)tetra ,(5)penta- (6)hexa-,(7)hepta-, (8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。,MonocrystallineDioxideTriagonaltetragonal pyramidPentagonalhexagonal,6,2化合物的命名 化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学,Naming metal ions (cat
5、ions) for metal oxides, bases and salts,1. Single valence ions Cations name = Elementfor example: Na+ Sodium Al3+ Aluminum K+ Potassium Ca2+ Calcium,7,Naming metal ions (cations) fo,2.Multivalence ions,Cations name = Element(N)For example: Fe2+ Iron(II) or Ferrous Fe3+ Iron(III) or Ferric Cr2+ Chrom
6、ium(II) Cr3+ Chromium(III) Mn4+ Manganese(IV) Mn2+ Manganese(II),8,2.Multivalence ionsCations na,对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更 多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。如 FeO: iron(II) oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric
7、 oxide,9,对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更 多采用罗马,Naming nonmetal ions (anions),1. Monatomic anions Anions name = Elements root -ide For example: Cl- Chloride O= Oxide Br- Bromide OH- Hydroxide I- Iodide CN- Cyanide S= Sulfide H- Hydride,10,Naming nonmetal ions (anions)1,2. Polyatomic oxyanions,(1). Acid radi
8、cals for normal salt (正酸根 -ate ) Anions name = Central Elements root -ate for example: ClO3- Chlorate IO3- Iodate PO43- Phosphate NO3- Nitrate SO42- Sulfate CO32- Carbonate,11,2. Polyatomic oxyanions (1).,(2). Acid radicals for meta-salts (亚酸根 -ite ),Anions name = Central elements root -ite for exam
9、ple: ClO2- Chlorite IO2- Iodite PO33- Phosphite NO2- Nitrite SO32- Sulfite,12,(2). Acid radicals for meta-sa,(3). Acid radicals for hypo-salts (次酸根 -ite ),Anions name = Hypo- Central elements root -ite for example: ClO- Hypochlorite IO- Hypoiodite PO23- Hypophosphite,13,(3). Acid radicals for hypo-s
10、a,(4). Acid radicals for persalts (高酸根Per -ate ),Anions name = Per-central Elements root -atefor example: ClO4- Perchlorate IO4- Periodate MnO4- Permanganate,14,(4). Acid radicals for persalt,Naming compounds,1. Metal oxide Metal oxide = Cation + oxidefor example: FeO Iron(II) oxide (Ferrous oxide)
11、Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide (Ferric oxide) Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetroxide Na2O2 Sodium peroxide,15,Naming compounds1. Metal oxide,2. Nonmetal oxide,Nonmetal oxide = n-Nonmetal element + n-oxide for example: CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide SO3 Sulfur trioxide N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide
12、 P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)有些物质常用俗称,如NO: nitric oxide N2O: nitrous oxide,16,2. Nonmetal oxideNonmetal oxid,非金属氢化物,除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。 （1）对于卤族和氧族氢化物，在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。 举例： HF hydrogen fluorid
13、e HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride （2）对于其它族的非金属氢化物，在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀-ane，氮族还可加-ine 举例： PH3: phosphine或phosphane AsH3: arsine或arsane SbH3: stibine或stibane BiH3: bismuthane CH4: methane SiH4: silane B2H6: dib
14、orane,17,非金属氢化物 除了水和氨气使用俗称wat,无氧酸,命名规则：hydro-词根-icacid 举例： HCl: hydrochloric acid H2S : hydrosulfuric acid,18,无氧酸 20,3. Bases,Base = Metal cation + hydroxidefor example: Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide NaOH Sodium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Co(OH)2 Cobalt(II) hydroxide,1
15、9,3. Bases Base = Metal cation,4.盐(Salts),(1). 正盐(Normal salt) ：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。 Normal salt = Cation + anion for example: HgSO4 Mercury(II) sulfate Hg2SO4 Mercury(I) sulfate KNO3 Potassium nitrate Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate NaClO Sodium hypochlorite FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate KMnO4 potassium perma
16、nganate,20,4.盐(Salts)(1). 正盐(Normal salt),(2) 酸式盐：(Acidic salts)同正盐的读法，酸根中的读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。 Acidic salt = Cation + hydrogen + anion for example: NaHSO4 Sodium hydrogen sulfate Na2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium bisulfate NaHCO3 Sodium hyd
17、rogencarbonate 或 Sodium bicarbonate,21,(2) 酸式盐：(Acidic salts)同正盐的读法，酸,(3).Basic salts,Basic salt = Cation + hydroxy-anionfor example: Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonateCa(OH)Cl Calcium hydroxychloride Mg(OH)PO4 Magnesium hydroxyphosphate,22,(3).Basic saltsBasic salt = Ca,(4).复盐(Mixed salts)
18、：同正盐的读法。,Mixed salt = Cation + cation + anionfor example: NaKSO3 Sodium potassium sulfiteCaNH4PO4 Calcium ammonium phosphateAgLiCO3 Silver lithium carbonate NaNH4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfateKNaCO3 Potassium sodium carbonateNaNH4HPO4: sodium ammonium hydrogenphosphate,23,(4).复盐(Mixed salts)：同正盐的读法。Mi,
19、5)水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate如 AlCl36H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water 或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4)212H2O: aluminium potassium sulfate 12-water,24,5)水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate26,5. Acids(1). Per-, hydro-,normal acid (its salt-ate,-ide),Acid = Central elements root -ic + acidfor example: H2CO3 Carbon
20、ic acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid HNO3 Nitric acid HClO4 Perchloric acid HCl Hydrochloric acid,25,5. Acids(1). Per-, hydro-,nor,(2). Meta- and hypo-acid ( its salt-ite)Acid = Central elements root -ous + acidfor example: H2SO3 Sulfurous acid H3PO3 Phosphorous acid HNO2 Nitrous acid H
21、ClO Hypochlorous acid HClO2 Chlorous acid,26,(2). Meta- and hypo-acid ( its,含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子,采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。高某酸 per-ic 正酸 ic 亚酸 -ous 次酸 hypo-ous高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 ate 亚酸根 -ite 次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代举例： HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate i
22、on HClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ion HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ion HClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion,27,含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子 采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同,命名时先命名阳离子部分，最后命名阴离子部分
23、，阴离子配体以字母顺序列出，中心阳离子价态一般以罗马数字在名称后标出。 KBF4 potassium tetrafluoroborate(III) K4Fe(CN)6 potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) Cu(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate Co(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)NO3 Diammine diaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate,络合物的命名（Naming coordination complex）,28,命名时先命名阳离子部分，最后命名阴离子部分，阴,Naming coordin
24、ation complex,1. Ligands(1). Negative ions as ligands Ligand = Elements root -ofor example: CN- Cyano NO2- Nitro F- Fluoro NO3- Nitrato Cl- Chloro CO3= Carbonato Br- Bromo CH3COO- Acetato O= Oxo H- Hydrido OH- Hydroxo -O2CCO2- Oxalato,29,Naming coordination complex1.,(2). Neutral molecules as ligand
25、,Ligand = Radical namefor example: NH3 Ammine CO Carbonyl H2O Aqua CH3NH2 Methylamine H2NCCNH2 Ethylenediamine,30,(2). Neutral molecules as liga,2. Complex ions,(1). Neutral complex or complex ions with positive charge Complex ion = n-Ligand-metal ion(N)for example: Ag(NH3)2+ Diamminesilver(I) Cu(NH
26、3)42+ Tetraamminecopper(II) Co(NH3)3(NO2)3 Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III),31,2. Complex ions(1). Neutral co,常见配体的名称,32,ionsmoleculesCN-cyanoH2OaquaOH,(2).Complex ions with negative charge,Complex ion =n-Ligand-metals root-ate(N)for example: Fe(CN)64- Hexafluoroferrate(II) BF4- Tetrafluoroborate(III) A
27、lF63- Hexafluoroaluminate(III) AuCl4- Tetrachloroaurate(III),33,(2).Complex ions with negative,3.Naming complex,Complex = Cation + anionfor example: LiAlH4 Lithium tetrahydroaluminate(III) Ag(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I) chloride K4Fe(CN)6 Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) Cu(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II
28、) sulfate Ni(CO)4 Tetracarbonylnickel(0),34,3.Naming complexComplex = Cati,Exercise,H2SO4 HCl HNO3 HNO2HCN Na2S CuSO4 Fe(NO3)3 HClO4 KCN NH4Cl NaClONaOH Mn(OH)2 Fe2O3 P2O5H2O2 K2Cr2O7 Cu2(OH)2CO3CaHPO4 PtCl42- Ag(NH3)2Cl K4Fe(CN)6,35,ExerciseH2SO4 HCl,Answer,H2SO4 sulfuric acid HCl hydrogen chloride
29、 or hydrochloric acidHNO3 nitric acidHNO2 nitrous acidHCN hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid Na2S sodium sulfideCuSO4 copper (II) sulfate or cupric sulfateFe(NO3)3 iron (III) nitrate or ferric nitrateHClO4 perchloric acidKCN potassium cyanideNH4Cl ammonium chloride,36,AnswerH2SO4 sulfuric acid 3,N
30、aClO sodium hypochloriteNaOH sodium hydroxideMn(OH)2 Manganese(II) hydroxide Fe2O3 iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide H2O2 hydrogen peroxideK2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonateCaHPO4 calcium hydrogen phosphatePtCl42- tetrachloroplatinum(II
31、)Ag(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I) chlorideK4Fe(CN)6 Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II),Answer,37,NaClO sodium hypochlorite,PK,传统游戏和网络游戏中的PK：Player Kill: 单挑，杀其他的玩家,38,PK传统游戏和网络游戏中的PK：40,运动中的PK Point Kick: 足球中的点球(Penalty Kick罚点球)/penlti/,39,运动中的PK 41,医药卫生的PKProtein Kinase 蛋白激酶 天文地理的PKPakistan 巴基斯坦,40,医药卫生的PK4
32、2,Good的译法,搭配能力很强常见于科技文章中Good = 好的 ?,41,Good的译法 43,（1）美好的；良好的；令人满意的,a good knife 一把好刀 a good conductor 良导体,42,（1）美好的；良好的；令人满意的a good knife,汉译时引申： a good soil 肥沃的土壤good oil 提纯了的油a good money 真的货币a good river 畅通的河道good English 规范的英语,43,汉译时引申： a good soil 肥沃的土壤45,（2）有益的,Milk is good food for children.牛奶
33、对小孩是有益的,44,（2）有益的 Milk is good food for c,It is no good heating the material to such a temperature. 把材料加热到这样的温度是不恰当的,45,It is no good heating the mate,（3）能胜任的；有能力的；能干的,a good chess player 高明的棋手A good human translator一个熟练的翻译人员,46,（3）能胜任的；有能力的；能干的a good chess p,（4）彻底的；完全的,The workers gave the machine
34、a good checking. 工人们对机器进行了彻底的检查 have a good drink 喝个痛快,47,（4）彻底的；完全的 The workers gave th,Rivers provide good sources of hydropower. 河流具有丰富的水力资源making good use of the sun充分利用太阳能来为,48,Rivers provide good sources of,（5）、可靠的；安全的；确实的,a car with good brakes 刹车可靠的汽车a good investment 安全的 good debts 确可偿还的债务,
35、49,（5）、可靠的；安全的；确实的 a car with goo,二 有机物的命名,1 烷烃（alkanes）1.1 直链烷烃 烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外，其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾（-ane）来命名，10个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。如：甲烷 methane 乙烷 ethane 丙烷 propane 丁烷 butane 戊烷 pentane 己烷 hexane 庚烷 heptane 辛烷 octane 壬烷 nonane 癸烷 decane 十一烷 undecane 十二烷 dodecan
36、e,50,二 有机物的命名1 烷烃（alkanes）52,Alkane = Number prefix-anefor example:CH4 Methane CH3CH2CH3 Propane CH3CH3 Ethane CH3(CH2)2CH3 ButaneCH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane CH3(CH2)4CH3 HexaneCH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane CH3(CH2)6CH3 OctaneCH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane CH3(CH2)8CH3 Decane,51,Alkane = Number,1119Alkane = Number prefix-deca
37、nefor example: 11-alkane Undecane 12-alkane Dodecane 13-alkane Tridecane 14-alkane Tetradecane 15-alkane Pentadecane 16-alkane Hexadecane 17-alkane Heptadecane,52,18-alkane Octadecane 19-alkane Nonadecane 20-alkane Icosane2129 Alkane = Number prefix-cosane for example: 21-alkane Henicosane 22-alkane
38、 Docosane 23-alkane Tricosane 24-alkane Tetracosane 25-alkane Pentacosane,53,18-alkane,30-Alkane Triacontane 3139Alkane = Number prefix-triacontane for example: 31-Alkane Hentriacontane 32-Alkane Dotriacontane 33-Alkane Tritriacontane 34-Alkane Tetratriacontane 35-Alkane pentatriacontane 36-Alkane H
39、exatriacontane,54,30-Alkane,4090Alkane = Number prefix-contanefor example: 40 Alkane Tetracontane 50 Alkane Pentacontane 60 Alkane Hexacontane 70 Alkane Heptacontane 80 Alkane Octacontane 90 Alkane Nonacontane 100 Alkane Hectane,55,4090Alkane = Number,1.2 含支链烷烃和烷基 命名含支链的烷烃时，可把它们视为直链烷烃，但分別是某些氢（hydrog
40、en）原子被称为烷基（alkyl groups）的原子取代。命名烷基时，只需把“基”（-yl）字加在相应的烷烃的字首后。 如： CH3- Methyl CH3-(CH2)9-CH2- Undecyl CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3 3- Methylpentane,56,1.2 含支链烷烃和烷基58,Univalent radicals,Radical = Alk -ylfor example: CH3- Methyl CH3CH2- Ethyl CH3CH2CH2- Propyl CH3(CH2)2CH2- Butyl,57,Univalent radicals Ra,Sat
41、urated branched-chain hydrocarbon,branched-chain hydrocarbon = n-Radical+alkanefor example:,58,Saturated branched-chain hydro,Univalent branched radicals,Radical = Alk -ylfor example:,59,Univalent branched radicalsRad,Polyside chain hydrocarbon,ButylEthylIsopropylMethylPropylfor example:,60,Polyside
42、 chain hydrocarbonButy,对取代的烷基也可以在相应的烃名前加“异”（iso-）、“仲”(sec-)、“叔”（tert-）、“新”（neo-）等字命名。下面是一些符合条件的烷基，其系统命名和普通命名如下： (CH3)2CH-CH- 2-Methylpropyl Isobutyl CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)- 1-Methylpropyl sec-Butyl (CH3)3C- 1,1-Dimethylethyl tert-Butyl CH3-CH2-C(CH3)2- 1,1-Dimethylpropyl tert-pentyl (CH3)3C-CH2- 2,2-Dimeth
43、ylpropyl Neopentyl,1.3 一些可采用普通命名的支链烷烃： (CH3)2CH-CH3 Isobutane (CH3)2CH-CH2-CH3 Isopentane (CH3)4C Neopentane (CH3)2CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 Isohexane,61,对取代的烷基也可以在相应的烃名前加“异”（iso-）、“仲,1.4 复杂的烷烃 结构较复杂的烷烃不能用普通命名法命名，只能采用系统命名法。选最长的碳链为主链，按相应的直链烷烃命名，从一端向另一端编号，支链作为取代基放在母体名称前，编号时使支链的编号尽可能小且支链的排列按基团的字母顺序。 如: 3-Ethyl-2-
44、methylhexane 4-ethyl-3,3-dimethylheptane,62,1.4 复杂的烷烃 64,复杂的烷烃命名时须注意分子中有两个等长碳链时，按以下原则进行比较：1）带支链数目较多者为主链，例如： 2,3,5-Trimethyl-4-propylheptane2）支链定位号较小者为主链 4-Isobutyl-2,5-dimethylheptane,63,复杂的烷烃命名时须注意分子中有两个等,2 烯烃和炔烃（alkenes and alkynes）,2.1 命名 烯烃和炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷”（ane）改为“烯”（ene）或“炔”（yne），名称前加上不饱和键的编号即
45、可。当所带的双键或叁键不止一个时，可在前边加上di、tri、tetra等数字来表示。有些简单的烯炔类化合物可用普通名称。例如： CH2=CH2 Ethene CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3 1-Pentene CH2=C=CH2 1,2-Propadiene Ethyne 1,3-Butadiyne,64,2 烯烃和炔烃（alkenes and alkynes）,Naming unsaturated hydrocarbon,2.1 Unbranched acyclic alkeneAlkene = Number prefix-enefor example: C-C-C-C=C-C 2-Hexe
46、ne C-C=C Propene C-C=C-C 2-Butene C-C-C-C=C 1-Pentene,65,Naming unsaturated hydrocarbon,Poly-ene,n-Alkene =Alk-a-n-ene n=2 -adiene n=3 -atriene n=4 -atetraenefor example: C-C=C-C=C-C=C 1,3,5-Heptatriene C=C-C=C 1,3-Butadiene C-C=C-C=C 1,3-Pentadiene,66,Poly-enen-Alkene =Alk-a-n-ene6,67,69,Alkyne,Alk
47、yne = Alk-yne (-a-n-yne) n=2 -adiyne n=3 -atriyne for exanmple:,68,Alkyne Alkyne = Alk-yne (-a-n-,2.2 烯炔的命名 烃类分子中同时含有双键和叁键时成为烯炔，命名时烯在前炔在后，双键的编号写在前面，叁键的定位号写在表示炔烃词尾之前。例如： 1,3-Hexadien-5-yne 3-Penten-1-yne,69,2.2 烯炔的命名71,Unsaturated hydrocarbon with both double and triple bonds,Alkenyne = Number prefix
48、-en-yne Two ene + one yne -adien-?-yne Three ene+ one yne -atrien-?-yne One ene + two yne -en-?-diynefor example:,70,Unsaturated hydrocarbon with,71,73,系统命名中，应选含不饱和键最多且最长的直链。如分子中有两条直链具有相同数目的不饱和键时，取碳原子数较多者为主链。如碳原子数相同，则取含双键数目较多者为主链。例如: 3,4-Dipropyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne 4-Vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne 5-Ethynyl-1
49、,3,6-heptatriene,72,系统命名中，应选含不饱和键最多且最长的直链。如分,2.3 不饱和烃基的命名 不饱和烃基的命名类似于饱和烃基，但需要标出不饱和键的位置。有些简单的不饱和烃基可用俗名。例如: CH3-CH=CH- 1-Propenyl CH2=CH-CH=CH- 1,3-Butadienyl CH2=CH- Vinyl Ethynyl CH2=CH-CH2- Allyl CH2=C(CH3)- Isopropenyl 2-Propynyl 2-Penten-4-ynyl,Alkene radical=Alken-ylAlkyne radical=Alkyn-yl,73,2.
50、3 不饱和烃基的命名Alkene radical=Alk,Alkene radical=Alken-ylAlkyne radical=Alkyn-ylfor example:,74,Alkene radical=Alken-yl76,2.4 多价基的命名1) 两个自由价在同一个碳原子上称为“亚”，英文词尾为“-ylidene”.例如： CH2= Methylene CH3CH= Ethylidene (CH3)2C= Isopropylidene2) 两个自由价不在同一个碳原子上也称为“亚”，但需要标出定位号。例如： -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2- Hexamethylene3) 三
