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1、Lesson 4 Tall Building 高层建筑,New words and phrases:spectacular sway residential commercial innovation boundary eliminate apartment column demonstrate project stress truss bundle terminate facade perimeter encroachhigh-rise building 高层建筑reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土spandrel beam 窗下墙的墙托梁shear wall 剪力墙,Alth
2、ough there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings 虽然在建筑施工技术中，总的来说已经有了许多进步，但是在超高层建筑的设计和施工中也取得了惊人的成就。 ultra-前缀 （1）在的那一边 ultramontane 山那边的 ultraviolet 紫外线 （2）极端 beyond
3、 the normal or proper degree; excessively ex. ultra-left ultra-right ultramodern ultraconservative 极端保守的 （3）超、过 beyond the range, scope, or limit of ex. ultrahigh 超高的， ultrasonic 超音速的,Tall Buildings 高层建筑,The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing 高层建筑的早期发展始于结构的钢
4、框架。 Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes 从那以后，钢筋混凝土和薄壳筒体体系就被竞相经济地用在了许多民用和商用结构中。 The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all ove
5、r the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems 美国各地正在修建的50110层的高层建筑是新的结构体系改革和发展的结果。,Tall Buildings 高层建筑,Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable lim
6、it 更大的高度需要增加柱和梁的尺寸来使建筑物的刚性更大，以便于它们在风荷载作用下不会倾斜到允许的范围之外。 Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details 过分的水平倾斜将导致隔板、天花板和其他建筑物细部的严重的复发性破坏。 In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of th
7、eir perception of such motion 此外，过分的倾斜还可能导致建筑物内部居住者的不适，因为他们感觉到了这种运动。,Tall Buildings 高层建筑,Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not require additional stiffening to limit the sway 钢筋混
8、凝土和钢结构系统充分利用了整个建筑的固有的潜在的刚度，因此不需要额外的加强板来限制倾斜。 In a steel structure, for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building. 比如，在钢结构中，可以根据建筑物的每平方英尺楼板面积所需要钢材的总平均数量来限定经济。 in terms of (1) 用的话，以的措辞 speak of sth. praise (2) 根据、按
9、照、用的思想方法 consider problem the peoples interests (3) 在方面，从方面来说 manpower 在人力方面， theory 在理论上,Tall Buildings 高层建筑,Curve A in Fig.1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories 图1中的曲线A描绘的是传统框架随着增加的楼层数的平均单位重量。 Curve B represents the average steel weight if
10、the frame is protected from all lateral loads 曲线B描绘的是在框架不受任何横向荷载时平均钢材重量。 The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame 上下边界之间的间隙描绘的是传统柱梁框架由高度带来的额外费用。 Structural engineers have developed structural systems with a
11、view to eliminating this premium 为了消除这种额外费用，结构工程师们已经发展了一些结构体系。,Tall Buildings 高层建筑,Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. 用钢材修建的高层建筑是作为几种类型的结构的创新的结果而发展起来的。 The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings
12、这种创新已经被用在办公楼和公寓大楼的施工当中。,Systems in steel 用钢材的体系,In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses, a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. 为了把框架结构的外柱连接到内部垂直桁架上，可以在建筑的中部和顶部设置刚性带状桁架系统。 A good example of this syst
13、em is the First Wisconsin Bank Building (1974) in Milwaukee 这种体系的一个好的例子就是密尔沃基市的威斯康星第一银行大楼。,Frames with rigid belt trusses 刚性带状桁架框架,First Wisconsin Bank Building in Milwaukee,The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building，for both strength and stiffness, to resist wind load can be a
14、chieved only if all column elements can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground 只有当所有的柱子以这样一种方式（即整个建筑作为一个中空的筒体或刚性的盒子突出于地面上）互相连接在一起时，才能获得高层建筑的整体结构对于抵抗风荷载的强度和刚度的最大功效。 This particular structural system was prob
15、ably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in ChicagoThe most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 1l0-story World Trade Center building in New York 这种特殊的结构体系第一次使用可能是在芝加哥的这幢43层钢筋混凝土公寓大楼中。这种体系的最有意义的使用是在纽约
16、的110层世贸中心大厦的结构钢双塔中。,Framed tube 框筒,DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building,World Trade Center Building,The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal members intersecting at the center line of the columns a
17、nd beams 建筑的外柱可相隔适当远的距离，它们还能被作成一个筒体一起起作用，通过把它们和对角的构件在柱和梁的中线上交叉而连接在一起。 This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Center in Chicago，using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional 40-story building 这种简单但非常有效的体系第一次使用是在芝加哥的John Hancock中心大楼中，它用
18、了和传统40层楼所正常需要的一样多的钢筋。,Column-diagonal truss tube 对顶柱桁架筒体,John Hancock Center in Chicago,With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency 随着对更大更高的
19、建筑的不断需要，框筒或对顶柱桁架筒体可能被用在捆绑的形式中以形成更大的筒体外壳，同时又保持了高效力。 The 110-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tubes, bundled at the base of the building in three rows 芝加哥的110层Sears Roebuck Headquarters大楼有9个筒体，在大楼的基础部位被捆成了三排。 Some of these individual tubes terminate at different heights of
20、 the building，demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept 这些独立的筒体中的一些在大楼的不同高度处中止，这是最新的结构概念的不受限制的建筑上的可能性的一个例证。 The Sears tower，at a height of 1450 ft (442 m) ，is the worlds tallest building,Bundled tube 捆筒,Sears tower,The tube structural system was develo
21、ped for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind or earthquake) and the control of drift (1ateral building movement) in high-rise building 筒体结构体系被发展起来是为了提高高层建筑对侧向荷载（风和地震）的抵抗，以及对建筑的侧向位移的控制。 The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further 薄壳筒体使筒体体系又向前迈进了一步。 The development of the s
22、tressed-skin tube utilizes the facade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings，and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area 薄壳筒
23、体的进步是利用建筑的正面（墙或板）作为与框筒共同起作用的结构构件，为高层建筑抵抗侧向荷载提供了一个有效的途径，而且可获得节省成本、不设柱子、使用面积与建筑面积之比很高的室内空间。,Stressed-skin tube system 薄壳筒体体系,Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin facade，the framed members of the tube require 1ess mass，and are thus lighter and less expensive 因为薄壳立面的作用，筒体的框架构件需要量就更少，因此就更轻更便宜
24、。 All the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes，minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members 所有代表性的柱和窗下墙的墙托梁都是标准的轧制形式，这可以使特殊的组合构件的用量和成本降到最低。 The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which wou
25、ld encroach on valuable space，is minimized 周围窗下墙托梁的厚度要求也就降低了，将侵占有用空间的楼板上的梁的需求也减到了最少。 The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittsburgh,Stressed-skin tube system 薄壳筒体体系,One Mellon Bank Center in Pittsburgh,While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early s
26、tart，development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings 当早期有了用钢筋修建的高层建筑的时候，钢筋混凝土的高层建筑也在以一个很快的速度发展，从而形成了对钢结构系统的激烈挑战，不论是在办公大楼还是在公寓大楼的使用中。Framed tube 框筒 As discussed
27、 above，the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building 如前所讨论的，框筒的概念第一次被用于高层建筑是在43层的DeWitt Chestnut 公寓大楼中。 In this building，exterior columns were spaced at 5.5-ft (1.68-m) centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-
28、in. -thick (20-cm) flat-plate concrete slabs 在这幢建筑中，外柱中线间隔了1.68m，内柱被用来支撑20cm厚的混凝土平板。,Systems in concrete 混凝土体系,Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube 办公大楼中用钢筋混凝土的另一种系统是把传统的剪力墙结构和一个外部的框筒结合起来。 The system
29、consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area 该体系由间距很小的柱子构成的外框筒和围绕中心设备区的刚性剪力墙内筒组成。 The system (Fig.2), known as the tube-in-tube system，made it possible to design the worlds present tallest (714 ft or 218m) li
30、ghtweight concrete building (the 52-story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston) for the unit price of a traditional shear wall structure of only 35 stories 被称为筒中筒的这种系统，使设计出目前世界上最高的轻质混凝土大楼成为可能，并且这幢大楼的单位价格仅是传统的35层剪力墙结构的单位价格。,Tube in tube 筒中筒,One Shell Plaza Building in Houston,Systems combining both co
31、ncrete and steel have also been developed，an example of which is the composite system developed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing, thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural st
32、eel systemsThe 52-story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system 混凝土和钢筋组合使用的系统也已经被发展起来，这种系统的一个例子就是由Skidmore，Owings和Merrill共同发展的复合体系，在该体系中，一个间隔很近的混凝土外框筒包裹着一个内钢框架，因此它结合了钢筋混凝土和钢结构系统的优点。52层的新奥尔良广场大楼就是建立在这种系统的基础之上。,Reinforced concrete and structural steel systems,This text mainly
33、introduced some structural types of high-rise building, such as systems in steel, frames with rigid belt trusses, framed tube, stressed-skin tube system, tube in tube, etc. In addition, it gives us some examples which are representational. 这篇文章主要介绍了高层建筑的一些结构类型，比如钢筋体系、刚性带状桁架框架、框筒、薄壳筒体体系、筒中筒等等。此外，文章还给我们举了一些具有代表性的实例。 要求：掌握长句的翻译技巧。,Brief Summary,
