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1、初中英语语法,介词、连词,介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。,介词的含义,什么是介词？它的作用是什么？,1.Look at me.( )2.He goes to school by bike.( )3.He is interested in drawing.( )4.The book is on the desk.( ),代词,名词,动名词,介词:通常用在_、_、_ 之前，表示某个人、事物/东西、事件与 另一个之间的_。,名词,代词,名词,动名词,关系,介词的主要分类：,1. at
2、the cinema, in the hospital _2. Write with a pen, go by bus _ 3. in summer, on Septemper 1st _4. by the way, at last, in the end _,地点介词,方式介词,时间介词,固定搭配,一.地点介词,1.at the village , at home, at the corner of the street. _2.in Shanghai , in the country, in Asia, in the world, in space _3. in the box, on t
3、he chair, under the desk, next to Kate, on the right of Lucy, in front of the house, behind the door _,表示小地方用at,表示大地方用in,表示不同地方用具体不同的介词,填上正确的地点介词：,1.在广州 _ Guangzhou 2.在电影院 _ the cinema3.在湖边 _ the lake 4.在海里 _ the sea5.树上的苹果 apples _ the tree6.书上的小鸟 birds _ the tree7.在天空上 _ the sky8.在教室外 _ the classr
4、oom9.在农场上 _ the farm10.在街道上 _ the street,in,at,by,in,on,in,in,outside,on,in,二.方式介词,1.write with a pen, cut with a knife, lock with a lock _2. see with our eyes, do with our hands, smell with our noses, eat with our mouths _3. in English , in French , in your own words, in three language _4. in a lou
5、d voice, in a low voice _5. in this way, by this means _,使用工具用介词 with,使用器官用介词 with,使用语言用介词 in,使用声音用介词 in,使用方法用介词 in 或 by,6.by bike, by bus, by train, by plane, by ship, by car (on foot) by land 陆路， by sea 水路，by air 空运 _ 但：on the bike, on the bus, on the train, on the plane, on the ship, in the car7.
6、 Shanghai lies _the east of China.( ) Japan lies _the east of China.( ) Hubei lies _the north of Hunan.( )8.in a read coat, the girl in yellow, the boy in white _9.lie in bed, after a while, in the sun（在阳光下） under the sun（天下，世界上；到底，究竟）,使用交通工具用 by,in,to,on,在中国内部,在中国外部,两地接壤,表示穿衣服用 in,固定搭配,( ),三.时间介词,1
7、.at six oclock, at noon, at that time, at half past three, at mid-night _2.on Sunday, on New Years Day, on March 21st, on my birthday _3. in three days, in a week, in a month, in May, in 1998 _4. in the morning, in the afternoon , in the evening _ 但： on the morning of May 1st5. at night = _ _ night6
8、. in the day = in the _,表示点钟或具体一点时间用 at,表示在某一天用 on,表示大于一天的时间用 in,在早上/下午/傍晚 用 in,in,the,day-time,later单独使用可用将来时或过去时态The others will join us later。later on 后来，再过些时候,7. 具体时间用不同的介词:,在放假期间 _the holiday 在圣诞节期间 _ Christmas 三天之后 three days _ （一般过去时） _ three days （一般过去时） _ three days（一般将来时）,during,later,at,a
9、fter,in,注意,在岁时 _ the age of 有时 _ times/sometimes 开始,在起初 _ the beginning of 此刻 _ the/this moment = now 在结尾,在尽头_ the end of 例如 _ example =such_ 代替 instead _ 到的时候 _ the time=when 从到 _ 在户外,在野外 _ the open air,at,at,at,at,at,for,of,by,from,to,in,as,四.固定搭配的含介词的词组:,相邻，靠近 next _ 遍及 all_ 将来 _ the future 由于,幸亏
10、 thanks _ 过了一会儿 _ a while 在地球上 _ the earth 到底、究竟_ earth 下课/放学/下班后 _class/school/work 展出 _ show 值日 _ duty 独立, 单独 all _ oneself 令(某人)惊讶 _ ones surprise,to,in,to,after,on,after,on,on,by,to,over,on,arrive _/_a place find _ （发现，找到）get on/along _ be afraid _ sth. hand _(上交） hand _(分发）be angry _ sb. be ang
11、ry _ sth. be strict _ sb. be strict _ sth. be ready _ be full _=be filled_be good _=do well _ be busy _ sth. be late _ be interested _eat _ give _ (放弃） grow _,in,at,with,up,in,for,at,for,up,up,out,of,with,with,of,in,at,out,with,in,with,in,常用易混淆介词辨析,after/ in 皆可表示时间在之后，其区别为：after .表示“在某点时间之后”，用于将来时。如
12、： Well go out for a walk after supper.表示“一段时间之后”，用于过去时。如： My mother came home after half an hour.in表示“一段时间之后”，用于将来时。如： Well go to school in two weeks.,between /among1) between 多指两者之间。如：Whats the difference between the two words? 2) among 指三者或三者以上的同类事物之间，在或笼统的一群人或一些物之中，表示“在中间，在之中”。如：The young people
13、lived and worked among the workers. 注意：我们可以说between you and me，但不能说 between you and I，因为between是介词。 3) between还可以用来指三个或三个以上的人或物的每两个之间。三个或三个以上的名词用and连接，前面用between，而不用among。如：There is not much difference between the three of them. Switzerland lies _ France, Ger-many, Austria and Italy.,between,aboveov
14、eronbelowunder,above,over,under,on,Be careful, there is a heavy box_ your head.The sun is _ the mountain in the east.There are some stamps _ the desk.The little mouse is _ the table, so it is not easy to find it.The temperature will stay _ zero in the day time，but at night it will fall _ zero again.
15、白天气温将保持在零度以上，但在晚上又将降到零度以下。,over,above,on,under,below,below,above,in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某个范围以外；in the front of 表示“在的前部”，在某个范围以内例如：There are some tall trees in front of the building.在楼前有一些高树。The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.老师坐在教室前面,in front of, in the front of,表示在上时，不是都用on，有时
16、须用in。在树上in the tree 用于指树上的鸟、人等。on the tree用于指生长在树上的叶子、果实。在墙上in the wall镶嵌在墙内，指窗户、门、钉子等。on the wall在墙的表面之上，指地图、画像等。在报纸上in the newspaper用于指报上的内容。on the newspaper用于指放在报纸上的东西，如眼镜等。,in, on,be made of 从成品上看得出的材料be made from从成品上看不出的原料be made in产地 be made by制造者be made up of由组成，由构成be made into 被制成Eg:It is sa
17、id that this kind of cloth is made of silk and it is made in China.据说这种布料是由丝绸制成的并且由中国制造。This wine is made from grapes.这酒是葡萄酿的。This machine is made by Uncle Wang.这机器是王伯伯制造的。The article is made up of four parts.这篇文章有四部分组成。Flour（面粉）can be made into bread.,be made of、 be made from、 be made in、 be made b
18、y、be made up of、be made into,1.We usually have lunch_ noon.2.Lin Tao was born_ February 18th.3.Ann sits_ my right,_ Kates left.She sits_us.4.My father is leaving_ Suzhou tomorrow.5.We must learn_ each other.,at,on,on,on,between,for,from,用适当的介词填空,practice,6.They went_ the gate and entered the garden.
19、7.We can do all things _our hands._the end of the last cap，he caught up _the others.9.Be kind_people.Dont shout _people.10.Last month he worked_ a teacher _three weeks.,through,with,At,with,to,at,as,for,practice,1.There is a good play_TV this evening. A. on B. by C. in 2. How far is it _ Guangzhou_B
20、eijing? A. fromto B. fromfor C. awayto3. Japan lies _the east of China. A. to B. in C. on4. Mr. Brown has gone to Canada. He will be back _ two weeks. A. for B. after C. in5. A: What time did you get there this morning? B: _ eight. A. In B. At C. On6. We all agree _you. Lets start at once. A. to B.
21、for C. with,A,A,A,C,B,C,practice,7.He is rich _ unhappy. A.or B.and C.so D.but8.Paper is made_wood. A.from B.of C.by D.in9.The basket is full_apples. A.with B.of C.in D.by10.Kate cant come. Lets ask wei Hua instead_her. A.of B.for C.to D.with11.The heavy rain stopped me_getting to school on time. A.
22、 to B.from C.on D.for,D,A,B,A,B,practice,12.Take a rest _ you finish the work. A.before B.after C.until D.while13.You cant pass the exam, _ you study hard. A.if B.of C.unless D.and14._our team tried best, _ we failed. A.Though,but B.Because,so C.If,and D. Though,/15.Dont get off _the bus stops. A.wh
23、en B.after C.until D.so,B,D,C,C,practice,16. My aunt arrived here _a warm spring morning. A. in B. at C. on,17. A:When did your uncle arrive _ China? B: He got to Guangzhou_the morning of the 16th of April. A. in, on B. in, in C. at, on18. Hawaii is famous _its beautiful beaches. A. in B. for C. wit
24、h19. We must stop children from_with fire. A. play B. played C. playing,C,A,B,C,连 词 (Conjunction),一、连词定义: 用来连接词、短语或句子的词。 e.g. I study English and Chinese. Does he work at school or in the hospital? I get up early, but my brother gets up late.,二、用法 1.并列连词 - 连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。 常见的有：(1)表并列关系的and, bothan
25、d, not onlybut also, neithernor，as well as（也，和）等。(2)表选择关系的or, eitheror等。(3)表转折关系的but, however等。(4)表因果关系的for, so等。,考点一：1）判断改错： They sat down and talk about something. They started to dance and sang. I saw two men sitting behind and ate there.,F,F,F,eating,sing,talked,and (“和，并且”) 与 or (“否则”),“and” 连接
26、平行结构。,（1）肯定句中用“and” 表“和”；（2）否定句中用“or”表“和” 。,2）翻译： 我喜欢英语和数学。 我不喜欢英语和数学。,I like English _ math.,I dont like English _ math.,and,or,= Study hard, _ your math will be worse.,3）用 “and” 或“or” 填空： Study hard, _ your math will be better.,and,or,“and”意为“这样，那么”； “or” 意为 “否则” 。,1. Which do you like better, app
27、les, _ pears? A. and B. but C. or2. Now we have no time _ money. A. so B. and C. or,or: 1. 用于疑问句, 表选择 2. 用于否定句, 表并列（肯定句用and）,3.Christine, Aileen _ (和) I are good friends. Study hard, _ (否则)youll fall behind. 4. Are you coming by bus _(或者) on foot?,and,or,or,1. Its getting warmer _ warmer. A. and B.
28、but C. or2. He or the twins _ the USA. A. comes from B. come from C. is from4. Not Tom but I _ going to give the talk. A. am B. is C. are,adj.比 + and + adj.比 表示越来越,A or B 和 not A but B 结构作主语时，谓语动词要使用就近原则。,and, or, but, so 特殊用法,表转折的连词but 和however： e.g. (他努力工作，但以失败告终。) He worked hard, _ he failed at l
29、ast. He worked hard. _, he failed at last.区别: but 后没有逗号，直接连接分句； however 后有逗号相隔，可放句末。,考点二 ：,but,However,观察句子 ： （1）Although he is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.改为：Although he is over sixty, he works as hard as others.或 He is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.（2）“Because John was
30、ill, so I took him to the doctor.”,*although/ though 和but这两个关联词不能同时用。,?,同样，此句错误， because 和 so 等关联词都不能同时使用。,考点三 ：,either A or B “或者A或者B”neither A nor B “既不A也不B”not only A but also B “不仅A而且B”,- 连词词组 ：,Either you or I _ going to the party.(或者你或者我将去晚会。)Neither I nor he _ seen the movie.（我和他都没有看过这部电影。）No
31、t only you but also he _ French.（不但你而且他也讲法语。）,【连接主语 时，谓语“就近原则”】,am,has,speaks,考点四,2. 从属连词-用来引导从句。常见的从属连词有：(1)引导时间状语从句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。(2)引导条件状语从句的if, unless等。(3)引导原因状语从句的because, as, since等。(4)引导目的状语从句的so that, in order that等。(5)引导让步状语从句的though, althou
32、gh, even if等。(6)引导结果状语从句的so that, sothat, suchthat等。(7)引导比较状语从句的than, asas等。(8)引导宾语从句的that, if , whether等。,三者均可译为“在时候”。when引导的从句，动词既可以是延续性的，也可以是终止性的。while引导的从句中，动词只能是延续性的，一般来说，当while引导的从句的动作正在进行时，主句的动作才发生；若主从句动作同时发生，且强调“一边一边”这样的意思，一般用 as。 When I came into the room, I found him lying there asleep. Sh
33、e sang as she walked. 她一边走一边唱歌。注意：while 可以表示对比关系“然而”。He is short while his brother is tall.,when，while，as,连 词 用 法 比 较,Mr. White was taking a shower _ the UFO landed on the street. A. where B. while C. when D. whether,C,While Mr. White was taking a shower，the UFO landed on the street.,考点一,“when” 和 “w
34、hile”,when引导的状语从句的动作多为终止性动词，也为可持续动词；但while只能是可持续动词。,考点二,我父亲直到我们吃完饭时才回来。,My father _ come back until we had supper.,notuntil/ till 直到才till 直到为止,翻译：他直到3岁才会讲话。,He _get up until his mother wakes him up.,didnt,他经常等到妈妈叫他才起床。,He _ speak until he was 3.,couldnt,doesnt,1) sothat中的so是个副词，其后只能跟形容词或副词 而such.tha
35、t中的such是个形容词，后接名词或名词短语。例如：Im so tired that I cant walk any farther.It was such a warm day that he went swimming.2) 如果在名词之前有many, much, little, few时，用so,不用such。例如：He has so little education that he is unable to get a job.,sothat, such.that,连 词 用 法 比 较,He took the MP3 player with him _ he could enjoy
36、music during the trip.A. because B. so that C. when,B,考点三,他起早是为了赶上早班车。(表目的),He got up early so that he could catch the early bus.,He got up early so that he caught the early bus.,他起早，结果赶上了早班车。（表结果）,He got up so early that he caught the early bus.,sothat,so that：为了； 所以，结果,如此以致,if和whether都可作“是否”讲，在引导宾
37、语从句是一般可互换。例如：I wonder whether (if) you still study in that school.在下列情况下，只能用whether,不能用if：.在不定式前。例如：I havent made up my mind whether to go there or not.与or(not)连用时。例如：I dont now whether he comes or not.从句作介词宾语时只用whether不用if。It depends on whether it will be fine.那得看是不是晴天。.作discuss等动词的宾语时，用whether不用if
38、。We discussed whether we should close the shop.我们讨论是不是该关掉商店,if, whether,连 词 用 法 比 较,连接条件状语从句：,1、Youll be late _(如果) you dont get up early tomorrow.2、Ill come to see you _(如果) Im free next Saturday. 3、Well have a picnic tomorrow _(如果) it doesnt rain tomorrow.,* 注意状语从句的时态：“主将从现”。,if,if,if,连 词 练 习,连接时间
39、状语从句,I was cleaning the floor _(当的时候) she knocked at the door. Dick climbed up into a tree _(一就) he saw the bear. I knew nothing about it _(直到才) my friend told me yesterday. I havent heard from Bill _(自从) we graduated from middle school.,when,as soon as,until,since,连接原因、结果状语从句,You should return the
40、digital camera to Sally _ she will not be angry. A. so that B. because C. before 2. He was hurt _ badly _ he had to see a doctor. A. tooto B. so that C. so that 3.He took off his coat _ it was too hot in the room. A.And B. since C. but 4. Solo missed the bus _ he was late for school. A. because B. s
41、o C. or,连接让步状语从句,Tom is still doing his homework _ it is very late. A. so that B. even though C. if 2. I never seem to put on any weight,_ hard I try. A. though B. no matter how 3. I enjoy learning English, _ it takes me a lot of time. A. unless B. although C. because 4. I will never give up learnin
42、g English _ (即使) it is difficult.,even though,1. Ill tell your father the truth as soon as he _ here. A. arrives B. arrived C. arrives at2. We dont know if he _ us for the picnic. Ill call you if he _. A. joins; comes B. will join; comes C. will join; will come3. Nobody knows when the windows _. But
43、 Ill tell you when I _ the answer. A. broke; find out B. broken; will find out C. were broken; find out,连 词 用 法 练 习,4. You wont understand until you _ him. A. meet B. meeting C. will meet5. You will fail in English _ you work hard. A. because B. unless C. if6. Just because we are young, _ we should
44、work even harder. A. so B. / C. but7. It has been seven years since he _ here. A. left B. leaves C. leave,连 词 用 法 练 习,8. The little boy _ when I came in. A. falls down B. fell down C. was fell down9. We were reading when the teacher _ in. A. came B. comes C. is coming 10. He became a doctor when he
45、_the university. A. graduated from B. graduate from C. graduated for,11. Tom works in a hospital _ Mary works in a company. A. because B. until C. while12. While his mother was washing, he _ his homework. A. do B. did C. was doing 13. The little boy fell alseep while he _ the music. A. was listen B. was listening to C. listened to,表示对比，“然而，而”,while表示“当的时候”。 两个动词同时发生。必须使用延续性动词。,14. Hurry up, _ you will miss the train. A. and B. so C. however D. or15. The mountain was _ steep(陡峭的）_ few people in our city reached the top. A. soas B. sothat C. asas D. tooto,连 词 用 法 练 习,
