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1、基础英语语法,英,语,语,法,框,架,词法,句法,名词、代词、数词、量词,冠词,动词,形容词、副词,介词,简单句,并列句,主从句,特殊句型,一、名词,1.,专有名词,2.,普通名词,名词,分类,：人名、地名、组织机构名称,之词法,基础英语语法,普通名词,可数名词,不可数名词,练习,：能够区分可数名词以及不可数名词,物质名词：食物、液体、自然物质,抽象名词：情感、概念、学科,可数名词,可数名词,单数可数名词与冠词,可数名词变复数,合成名词变复数,集合名词,不可数名词,不可数名词,不可数名词与冠词,不可数名词与量词、不定代词,既是可数又是不可数名词，但意思不同,名词所有格,名词所有格,1.,在词尾
2、加,s,?,用于有生命的名词后，比如,my fathers coat, the foxs tail, peoples china,Joans and Janes rooms.,?,用于时间、距离、价值等或者国家、城市等名词之后，比如,todays papers, ten,minutes rest, 3 days holiday, a miles walk, a dollars worth of stamps,?,名词所有格所修饰的词省略的情况，比如,the tailors (shop),服装店,the butchers,肉店,2.of,结构,用于无生命的名词，比如,a map of the w
3、orld,名词在句子中的作用,名词在句中的作用,eg. i got a very good seat.,The play was very interesting.,She is a good teacher. .,A young man and a young woman were sitting,behind me.,I have just received the letter from my brother,TOM.,宾语,主语,表语,主语,介词宾语,同位语,具有名词性质的其他形式,区分可数与不可数名词,A.book B.milk C.rice D.bun E.soup F.water
4、,G.tea H.hamburger I.bread J.money K.paper L.desk,M.toy N.baby O.season P,.egg Q.coffee R.computer S.tree,T.meat U.pork V.tooth W.room X.pen Y,.beef Z.chair,区分可数与不可数名词练习,可数名词与冠词,可数名词单数形式前面必须加冠词，定冠词或者不定冠词,Last week, I went to the theatre.,I got a very good seat.,The play was very interesting.,A young
5、 man and a young woman were sitting behind me.,This is a private conversation.,There are a pen, a book and a computer on the desk.,名词变复数,1.,绝大多数的可数名词的复数形式，是在该词末尾加上后,辍,-s,。,2.,凡是以,s,、,z,、,x,、,ch,、,sh,结尾的词，在该词末尾加上,后辍,-es,构成复数。,3.,以辅音字母,+y,结尾的名词，将,y,改变为,i,，再加,-es,。,4.,以,-o,结尾的名词，黑人和英雄喜欢吃土豆、西红柿和芒果,6.,以,
6、-f,或,-fe,结尾的名词，多为将,-f,或,-fe,改变为,-ves,5.,以,-us,结尾的名词（多为外来词），通常将,-us,改变为,-i,构成复数。,7.,以,-us,结尾的名词（多为外来词），通常将,-us,改变为,-i,构成复数。,读音变化：尾音,Es,改读,ai,，其中,kEs,要改读为,sai,，,gEs,要改读为,dVai,。,例：,fungusfungi;,abacusabaci;,focusfoci;,cactuscacti;,cestuscesti,8,、以,-is,结尾的名词，通常将,-is,改变为,-es,。,读音变化：尾音,is,改读,i:z,。,例：,axis
7、axes;,basisbases;,narisnares;,hypothesishypotheses;,restisres,tes,9.,以,-ix,结尾的名词，通常将,-ix,改变为,-ices,，但有例外。,读音变化：尾音,iks,改,读,isi:z,。,例：,matrixmatrices;,directrixdirectrices;,calixcalices;,appendixappendices,反例：,affixaffixes,10.,以,-um,结尾的名词，将,-um,改变为,-a,。,读音变化：去掉鼻尾音。,例：,forumfora;,stadiumstadia;,aquariu
8、maquaria;,datumdata;,vacuumv,acua,11.,以,-a,结尾的名词，在该词末尾加上后辍,-e,。,读音变化：尾音,E,改读,i:,。,例：,larvalarvae;,formulaformulae;,alaalae;,mediamediae;,hydrahydra,e,合成词变复数,合成名词变复数,1,、合成名词的复数形式通常将主题名词变为复数形式，如：,daughters-in-law; lookers-on;passers-by; hand-guns,fire-engines,editors-in-chief,runners-up,letter-boxes,2
9、.,如果没有主体名词，则在最后一个词的后面加复数形式，如：,grow-ups,go-betweens,stand-bys,集合名词,第一类,形单可单复,family (,家庭,),，,team (,队,),，,class (,班,),，,audience (,听众,),形式为单数，但意义可以用为单数或复数,His family is large.,他的家是个大家庭。,His family are all waiting for him.,他的一家人都在等他。,This class consists of 45 pupils.,这个班由,45,个学生组成。,This class are read
10、ing English now.,这个班的学生在读英语。,用法特点：若视为整体，表示单数意义；,若考虑其个体成员，表示复数意义。,第二类,形单意义复,cattle(,牛，牲畜,),，,people(,人,),，,police(,警察,),，,sheep(,羊,),用法特点为：只有单数形式,但却表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语用复数；,不与,a(n),连用，但可与,the,连用,(,表示总括意义和特指,),。,People will laugh at you.,人们会笑你的。,The police are looking for him.,警察在找他。,Many cattle were killed
11、 for this.,就因为这个原因宰了不少牲畜。,注：表示牲畜的头数，用单位词,head(,单复数同形,),。如：,five head of cattle 5,头牛，,fifty (head of ) cattle 50,头牛,第三类,形复意义复,goods(,货物,), clothes(,衣服）,用法特点：只有复数形式,(,当然也表示复数意义，用作主语时谓语也用复数,),Clothes dry slowly in the rainy season.,衣服在雨季不易干。,Such clothes are very expensive.,那样的衣服很贵,If goods are not wel
12、l made you should complain to the,manufacturer.,如果货物质量不好，则理应向制造商提出控诉。,第四类,形单意义单,baggage / luggage(,行李,), clothing(,衣服,),furniture(,家具,), machinery(,机器,), poetry(,诗,), scenery(,风景,),jewelry(,珠宝,), equipment(,设备,),用法特点：是不可数名词，只用单数形式，不用不定冠词,(,当然更不能用数词,),，,没有复数形式。,Our clothing protects us from against t
13、he cold.,我们的衣服可以御寒。,Have you checked all your baggage?,你所有的行李都托运了吗,?,The thief stole all her jewelry.,小偷把她所有的首饰都偷走了。,The hospital has no decent equipment.,这家医院没有像样的设备。,The Tang Dynasty is thought of as the high summer of Chinese poetry.,人们认为唐朝是中国诗歌的全盛时期。,注：,machinery, poetry, jewelry, scenery,等相应的个体
14、,可数名词是,machine, poem, jewel, scene,等。如：,a poem / a piece of poetry,一首诗,many machines / much machinery / many pieces of,machinery,许多机器,不可数名词的量,不可数名词和量词以及不定代词,1.,不可数名词的量可以借助于量词来表达,2.,不定代词可以修饰不可数名词，如,some,any,a,little, little,a piece of paper,a piece of news,a piece of bread,a glass/cup/bottle/tin of,a
15、 bar of chocalate,既可又不可且意义不同的名词,既可作可数名词，又可做不可数名词，但意义不同,可数名词,不可数名词,a room,一个房间,room,空间,a chicken,一只小鸡,chicken,鸡肉,a glass,一个玻璃杯,glass,玻璃,a time,一次,time,时间,an iron,一个熨斗,iron,铁,an air,一种气质,air,空气,还有一些词和名词性质相似，属,于名词类的词，比如,代词，数词,动名词，动词不定式和从句。,二、代词,分,类,人称代词,物主代词,指示代词,不定代词,主格,宾格,名词性物主代词,形容词性物主代词,反身代词,疑问代词,人
16、称代词,主格,宾格,形容词,性物主,代词,名词性,物主代,词,反身代,词,我,I,me,my,mine,myself,你,you,you,your,yours,yourself,他,he,him,his,his,himself,她,she,her,her,hers,herself,它,it,it,its,its,itself,我们,we,us,our,ours,ourselves,你们,you,you,your,yours,yourselves,他们,they,them,their,theirs,themselves,不定代词,不定代词,是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的词,some,:,so
17、meone, somebody, something,somewhere,any,: anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere.,no,: no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere.,evey,: everyone, everybody, everthing, everywehere.,one,: none,many,much, a few, a little,all ,both, either, neither,each,other, another,eg. there are three students talking in the
18、classroom. I know all of them.,all students were present at the meeting.,eg. Both of my sister and I like the song very much.,he likes both his sons.,all:,三者或以上全都，既可做形容词又可做代词,both,：两者全都，既可做形容词又可做代词。,eg. They like neither of the two paintings.,neither student gives the answer.,There are shops on eith
19、er side of the street.,you may take either with you.,neither:,两者中,任何,一个都不，既可做形容词又可做代词,either,：两者中任何一个，既可做形容词又可做代词,each:,每一个，强调个体,1.each,既可做形容词又可做代词，而,every,只能做形容词。,例如：,each student has a dictionary.,evey student has a dictionary.,each of the students has a dictionary.,every of the students has a dic
20、tionary.,故,each,有,each of,的结构，而,every,就没有，就是这个原因。,every,：每一个，强调整体,形容词修饰复合不定代词,eg. I have something important to tell you.,.,复合不定代词受定语修饰时，定语应放在它们,后面,There is nothing wrong with the radio.,这收音机没有毛病。,Have you seen anyone anybody famous?,你见过名人吗,不定代词与部分否定,不定代词与部分否定,不定代词,all, both, every,等与,not,连用时构成部分否定；
21、若要,表示完全否定，则需换用,none, neither, no one,等。比较：,All of the students like the novel.,所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。,Not all of the students like the novel.,并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这,本小说。,All of the students don,t like the novel.,并不是所有这些学生都,喜欢这本小说。,None of the students like the novel.,这些学生当中没有一个喜欢,这本小说。,数词,三、数词,基数词,1.,基本数词：,1-10,，,11
22、-20,，整十表达,2.,表示数字的词,dozen,一打，,12,个；,dozens of eggs,；,six dozen eggs 6,打鸡蛋,score 20,个,3.,表示,“,几十年代,”,或者,“,几十岁,”,eg. in the thirties,在,30,年代,in his thirties,在他,30,多岁的时候,4.,在习语中，,有时要用基数词的复数形式,eg. by twos and threes,三三两两,in two twos,一眨眼,序数词,1.,基本形式,2.,序数词前一般必须使用定冠词,the,eg. the first class; the third day
23、,3.,如果序数词前没有加,the ,而是使用了不定冠词,a, an,，则表示,“,又一,”,eg. we will have to do it a third time.,4.,分数表达法：分子用基数词，,分母用序数词，若分子大于,1,，分母则要用复数,eg. 1/6 one sixth,5/6 five sixths,加、减、乘、除,2+3=?,How,much,is,two,plus,three?,2+3=5,Two,plus,three,is,five,Two,and,three,is,equal,to,five,Two,and,three,makes,five,Two,added,t
24、o,three,equals,five,If,we,add,two,to/and,three,we,get,five,1.,“加”用,plus,，,and,或,add,表示；,“等于”用,is,，,make,，,equal,等词表示。,10,6,?,How,much,is,ten,minus,six?,10-6=4,Ten,minus,six,is,four,Take,six,from,ten,and,the,remainder,is,four.,Six,(taken),from,ten,is,four,2.,“减”用,minus,或,take,from,表示,3*4,?,How,much,i
25、s,three,times,four?,3X4=12,Three,times,four,is/are,twelve,Multiply,three,by,four,，,we,get,twelve,Three,multiplied,by,four,makes,twelve,3.,“乘”用,time,（动词）或,multiply,表示,16,4=?,How,much,is,sixteen,divided,by,four?,16,4,4,Sixteen,divided,by,four,is,four,Sixteen,divided,by,four,equals/gives/makes,four,4.,
26、“除”用,divide,的过去分词形式表示,冠词,定冠词,不定冠词,不定冠词,表泛指。如：,There is,a,book on the table.,指人或事物的某一种类。,如：,His father is,a,driver. Longjing is,a,wonderful tea.,指某一个人或事物，但不具体说明。,如：,My sister was saved by,a,PLA man in the fire.,用于某一些表示重量、长度、时间等单位前，表示,“,每一,”,。,如：,We have meals three times a day.,（我们一天吃三餐。）,表示同样的。如：,Th
27、ey are of,an,age.,（他们是同岁。）,表数量，相当于,one,但语意较弱。,如：,There is,a,pen and two books on the desk.,使抽象名词具体化。,如：,The little girl is,a,help to her mother.,（,a hand,译,帮手,）,不定冠词,固定搭配。,如：,A few, a little, a lot of, a bit, a couple of,all of a sudden(,突然,),as a matter of fact(,实际上,),in a hurry(,匆忙的,),in a word(,简
28、言之,),have a good time(,玩得愉快,),do sb. a favour(,帮忙,),pay a visit to(,访问,),as a rule(,惯例,),as a whole(,总之,),in a day or two(,一两天,),in a way(,在某种程度上,),of a size(,大小相同,),have a word with sb.(,与交谈,),make a living(,谋生,),take a pride in(,自豪,),take a walk(break, bath, seat)(,散步,(,休息、洗澡、就座,),a great deal of(
29、,大量,),be a pity(,遗憾,),have a cold(headache, fever)(,感冒,(,头痛、发烧,),many a(,许多,), catch a cold(,感冒,),定冠词,表示上文提到过的人或事物。如：,I have bought a book.,The,book is,very useful.,用于说话人与听话人心中都有数的人或事物。如：,Close,the,window,please.,用于表示世界上独一无二的事物前,。如：,the sun, the moon, the earth,the world,等。,用于表示方位的名词之前,。如：,the east,
30、 the right.,用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前。如：,the first, the tallest.,用于形容词之前，使其名词化。,如：,the sick, the wounded.,用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前。如：,the United States, the,United Nation.,用于江河、海洋、海峡、山脉、群岛、建筑物等的名词之前。,如：,the Changjiang River, the East Lake.,用于复数姓氏之前,，表示“夫妇”或“全家”。如：,The,Smiths,用于乐器的名词前,。如：,play,the,piano; play,the,viol
31、in.,发明物。如：,The compass was invented in China.,年代名词前。如：,He lived in the countryside in the,1970s.,固定词组中。如：,in the morning(afternoon, evening),on the other hand , at the same time,零冠词,表示总称的复数名词之前。如：,Children love,cartoons,.,（儿童喜欢卡通影片。）,不含普通名词的专有名词前。如：,We are studying,English,.,名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格
32、修饰时。如：,I like,this,picture,; I do not have,any money,; As time went on,Einsteins theory,proved to be correct.,季节、月份、星期等名词前，一般不用冠词。,如：,She likes,spring,most.,呼语前不用冠词。如：,What shall I do next,Mother,?,三餐饭前不用冠词。,如：,What did you have for,lunch,?,节假日前不用冠词。如：,People give gifts to each other on,Christmas Da
33、y.,球类和棋类运动的名称前不用冠词。,如：,She is fond of playing,basketball.,在一些成对出现的短语中不用冠词。,如：,arm in arm,（手挽手）,; hand in hand,（手牵手）,; side by side,（肩对肩）,; day,and day,（日日夜夜）,; young and old,（老老少少）,; from door to door,（挨门挨户）,; from,beginning to end,（从头到尾）,; from morning till night,（从早到晚）等。,用冠词与不用冠词的区别,在有些短语中，有冠词与没有冠
34、词意义差别很大，,参考附件,练习,练习,他和我都教英语。,我是一个学生，我画了很多画。,吃了一顿丰盛的饭后，他们就围着营火讲起了故事唱起了歌。,如果你把汽车停错了地方，交通警察很快就会发现。,我的姑姑是个演员。,我不能付账单，因为我的包不见了。,去年我去意大利，我参观了博物馆，还去了公园。,形容词与副词,Adjectives and adverbs,形容词,adjectives,功能,Functon,修饰名词,to modify nouns,使语言表意更准确、更丰富、更生动、更有表现力,to make speeches more accurate,，,richer, more vivid,an
35、d more expressive.,传达了说话人或者作者的情感和态度。,to convey the emotion and attitudes of speakers or writers.,I have a seat.,Shanghai is a city.,We live in a country.,On a day, the ants began drying the grain.,The grasshopper says,I kept myself busy by singing,慤?湡?楮桧?,good,examples:,bustling,beautiful,cold frost
36、y,arrogant,这些句子就变得苍白、没,有生机，不能完全描绘出,事物，不能准确表意，,更不能表达作者的情感和,态度，就想黑白电影一样,少了色彩。,分类,只做定语形容词,只做表语形容词,既能做定语又能做表语形容词,英语中绝大多数形容词既可做定语又可做表语,most adjs.in English can act both as attributes and predicatives,the clothes are very old.,these old clothes are mine.,the new library is wide and bright.,the wide and br
37、ight library is new.,只能作定语,有些形容词表示事物的属性，只能作定语，,放在名词前面修饰名词,eg.,表材料：,golden,wooden,表时间：,daily, everyday, monthly,，,present, last, exsiting,表相对关系：,former,latter,outer, upper, lower,表方位：,indoor, outdoor, inside, outside,eg.: This is our daily work.,The outdoor cinema is quite popular now.,另外带有连字符的表示度量的复
38、合形容词，只能作定语，如果要作表语，,则应去掉连字符：,compound adjectives with hyphens,expressing measurement, can only be att,otherwise, hyphens should be removed.,eg.: she has a five-year-old son.,her son is five years old.,只能作表语,表语形容词，只能跟在系动词后面作表语，不能放在名词前作定语,最典型的就是以,a-,开头的形容词：,afraid,害怕的,asleep,睡着的,alike,相似的,alive,活着的,alo
39、ne,单独的,ashamed,羞愧的,awake,醒着的,aware,意识到的,eg.: the baby is asleep.,I am afraid of dogs.,通常还有一些表示健康和情绪的词也通常只作表语,eg. fine,健康的,ill,生病的,well,身体健康的,glad,高兴的,pleased,高兴的,sorry,难过的,upset,沮丧的,content,满足的,certain,确信的,sure,确信的,fond,喜欢的,ready,准备好的,在句子中的作用,定语,表语,状语或者主语补足语,定语,单个形容词作定语通常前置,eg. This is a private con
40、versation.,Your nephew is a nice little girl.,He is an honest boy.,A strange man came in.,单个形容词修饰,something,等复合不定代词的时候要后置；,形容词短语作定语总是后置,eg. Is there anything interesting in the new book?,I have something important to tell you.,He is someone humorous.,I like something cheaper.,Do you know anybody fam
41、ous in the field?,Do you have the instruments necessary for the experiment?,I know an actor suitable for the role.,多个形容词修饰名词的顺序,多个形容词修饰名词时的顺序：,冠词、指示代词,所有格,序数词,基数词,特征,尺寸,年龄温度新旧,形状,颜色,地区,材料,用途,名词,口诀：美小圆旧黄,法国木书房,eg. there is a big round conference table in the meeting room.,表语,形容词作表语，放在系动词后面：,eg. She l
42、ooks elegant.,The story is inspiring.,He is interested in watching TV.,She appears quite old.,宾语补足语,They find the problem difficult.,Aeroplanes are slowly driving me mad.,His harsh words made us angry.,在特定的结构中做宾语补足语,作状语,eg. he arrived home, hungry and tired.,he sat there in the corner, silent.,he ca
43、me over, eager to help.,这种形容词用作状语主要表示原因、结果或伴随等，,其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。,这类结构通常可用从句或并列句来改写：,He came over, eager to help. /,He came over and (he) was eager to help.,他走过来，急于想帮忙。,【注】以上形容词用作状语的情形，有人也称之为主语补足语，,因为它们是补充说明主语的。,the +adj,the +,形容词,表示某一类型的人,He set up a school for the deaf and the dumb.,他创建了一所聋哑学校。,He
44、 stole from the rich to give to the poor.,他偷富人的东西去接济穷人。,Those of us who are sighted don,t,understand the problems of the blind.,我们这些有视力的人不理解盲人的困难。,这类结构常见的有：,the rich,富人,the poor,穷人,the blind,盲人,the sick,病人,the old,老人,the young,年轻人,the dumb,哑巴,the deaf,聋子,the dead,死者,the weak,弱者,the strong,强者,the wea
45、lthy,富人,the jobless,失业者,the +,分词形容词,表示某一类型的人,Times are hard for the unemployed.,失业者的日子很难熬。,Many of the wounded died on their way to,hospital.,许多伤员死在去医院的途中了。,这类结构常见的有：,the wounded,伤员,the injured,伤员,the killed,被杀者,the employed,被雇用者,the unemployed,失业者,the accused,被告,the learned,有学问的人,the aged,老年人,the m
46、issing,失踪的人,the living,活着的人,形容词短语,1. be+,形容词,+about,be angry about,为,生气,be anxious about,为,忧虑,be careful about,当心, be certain about,确信,be curious about,对,好奇,be disappointed about,对,感到,失望,be excited about,对,感到兴奋,be glad about,对,感到高兴,be happy about,为,感到高兴,be hopeful about,对,抱有希望,be mad about,对,入迷,be n
47、ervous about,为,感到不安,be particular about,对,讲究,be sad about,为,而难过,be serious about,对,认真,be sure about,对,有把握,be worried about,为,担忧,2. be+,形容词,+at,be angry at,为,生气,be bad at,不善于,be clever at,擅长于, be disappointed at,对,感到失望,be expert at,在,方面是内行,be good at,善于,be mad at,对,发怒,be quick at,在,方面敏捷,be skilful at
48、,在,方面熟练,be slow at,在,方面迟钝,3. be+,形容词,+for,be anxious for,渴望,be bad for,对,有害，对,不行,be bound for,前往,be celebrated for,以,出名,be convenient for,对,方便,be eager for,渴望,be famous for,因,闻名,be fit for,合适，适合,be good for,对,有益,(,方便,) be grateful for,感谢,be hungry for,渴望得到,be late for,迟到,be necessary for,对,有必要,be re
49、ady for,为,准备好,be sorry for,因,抱歉,be suitable for,对,合适,(,适宜,),be thankful for,因,而感激,be well-known for,以,出名,4. be+,形容词,+from,be absent from,缺席，不在,be different from,与,不同,be far from,离,远，远远不,be free from,没有，免受,be safe from,没有,的危险,be tired from,因,而疲劳,5. be+,形容词,+in,be concerned in,与,有关,be disappointed in,
50、对,(,某人,),感到失望,be engaged in,从事于，忙于,be experienced in,在,方面有经验,be expert in,在,方面是行家,be fortunate in,在,方面幸运,be honest in,在,方面诚实,be interested in,对,感兴趣,be lacking in,缺乏,be rich in,富于,be skilful in,擅长于,be successful in,在,方面成功,be weak in,在,方面不行,6. be+,形容词,+of,be afraid of,害怕,be ashamed of,为,感到羞愧,be aware
