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1、大学英语四六级作文类型,提纲作文提示作文图表作文关键词作文写文章摘要和大意书信作文,Unit 1 提纲作文,提纲作文是一种限制性命题作文。命题形式是先给出英文作文标题，然后再用英语或汉语立出提纲，要求考生根据给出的提纲确定写作主题，构思段落模式，写出符合要求、一定字数的短文。历年考试中，该类作文占绝大多数，超过所有考试的二分之一。考生必须既紧扣标题，又要严格遵守提纲，不能脱离和漏掉提纲规定的作文要点。一般有几点要求就要写几段，但如果是两点，则考生要在构思时增加一个终结段。,构思过程,根据提纲要求设计每段的主题句，注意最好不要逐字翻译提纲。根据提纲和主题句自由搜索写作素材。从所搜列的原始素材中为
2、每段选取最能说明问题，也即与短文标题、提纲及主题句最为密切的2-3个要点，注意也要选择本人感到最容易下笔的内容。,Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 120 words on the topic Energy Resources. 提纲：目前中国的能源资源比较丰富；但这些能源可能很快被耗竭；为避免未来的能源危机，我们该做些什么？,分析：根据提纲，我们可以确定短文写成三段：1. 能源现状： China is rich in various energ
3、y resources.2. 能源危机：These energy resources are being used up rapidly.3. 解决措施：To avoid energy crisis,Sample: Energy Resources China is rich in various energy resources. Coal and petroleum, for instance, are two major ones. They are essential in developing the countrys industry, science and technology
4、. China has done a great deal in the past few decades to raise the output of coal and petroleum. These energy resources are not inexhaustible, however, and are being used up rapidly. With the building of four modernizations, new industrial and scientific projects are spring up like bamboo shoots aft
5、er a spring rain. They are enormous consumers of energy. Besides, there has been great waste in using these natural energy resources.,To avoid the almost sure energy crisis in the future, some steps must be taken immediately. First, our government should make the people aware, through education, of
6、the importance of saving energy. Second, efforts should be made in opening up new, cleaner and inexhaustible energy sources such as solar energy, geothermal energy and nuclear energy. We have reasons to be optimistic in this respect, but we must be pessimistic if we just wait for the fossil energies
7、 to be wasted and used up.,Unit 2 提示作文,这一题型给出英文作文标题后，以中文或英文给出一段关于这篇短文写作内容的提示，要求考生按照提示范围确定短文主题，先构思写作提纲，再构思短文及段落的展开模式，最后搜索写作素材，选取写作要点。这一题型类型多样，除了图示作文和关键词作文外，主要还有：1.提供几个选择的建议或方案；2. 提出几个提示性问题；3. 提供短文要包含的一些要点；4.阐述问题或现象的小段文字。,Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of n
8、o less than 120 words on the topic college students Social Practice. You should base your composition on the instruction below: 近年来，一些大学生利用节假日进行社会实践。请就社会实践的好处及可能带来的副作用加以论述，并提出自己的观点和建议。,分析：可根据标题和提示，构思出如下提纲：1. 现状-导入主题2.大学生社会实践的好处3.大学生社会实践可能带来的副作用4.我们的建议,Sample: College Students Social Practice Social
9、practice has been more and more popular in universities and colleges. Students are asked to enter into the society and try to get into touch with society in order to get some idea of the society. Surely social practice has many advantages. Firstly, social practice can offer the students a chance to
10、contact with the society and get some idea of the society, in this way the students can gain some valuable social experiences which will be helpful to their future career. Secondly, the students can apply what they have learned in class to the practical work, which will make them know themselves mor
11、e clearly. Thirdly, some social practice can bring them some,Profit and it can make them more independent of their family. However, some problems will arise if the correct guidence is not made. For example, some students get more interested in social practice and want to work the whole day and get s
12、ome money, thus neglecting their study. And some students are likely to observe the society partially, which will affect their future study. In order to carry out the social practice smoothly, the students should first know their objectives. They should put their study in the first place and the soc
13、ial practice is just a supplement of their college study, so they ought to try to strike a balance between social practice and their study.,Unit 3 图表作文,类型：看图作文分为图画作文和图表作文两种图画作文主要用于口试或部分笔试；图表作文较为常见，可分为四类：1. 圆形图（pie Graph）2. 条形图（Bar Graph）3. 曲线图（Curve Graph）4. 表格（Table）,图画作文,图画作文要求考生根据已给出的一副或几幅画面去想象发挥
14、，写出一篇短文来；图画作文的写作方法1. 审题：对题目要求和画面进行分析，找出图画所表达的主题，然后围绕主题组织材料。2.组织材料：画面所给事物均无虚设，因此，描述时要紧扣画面，运用想象力把画面扩展成一个故事或某一个特定事件或某一特定情景来定。如果画面内容丰富，在描述时可按题目的要求，分清主次，以突出主题。如画面简单，可在描述画面之后，略加评论。3.描述的层次：围绕主题或按时间顺序，或按地理顺序描述。如按地理顺序，或由上而下，或由左往右，或由内向外。总之要遵循一定的规律，决不可象记流水帐一样杂乱无章。4.时态问题： 在描写画面时，句子谓语应用现在时态，在涉及形体动作时，可以使用进行时态，以便使
15、画面更加生动形象。,例：write a composition about the picture below in about 120 words.,分析：通过图画分析，可观察到图中女士的苹果掉在了地上以及男士脱帽致歉是该图的中心，由此得出本文主题时礼貌问题。 该图描述的时日常生活中的一件事，应该按事件发生的先后时间顺序来描述图画。运用想象力把画面扩展成一个特定的故事来写。男士下楼，女士上楼，在平台上男士把女士的苹果撞到了地上，男士脱帽表示歉意。描述画面之后，也可以对礼貌问题发表自己的看法。,Sample: The picture is about a routine incident in
16、 our life. A woman is about to go upstairs, with a parcel and a bag of apples in her arms. A middle-aged man is just coming down the stairs, with a suitcase in his right hand. They ran into each other on the landing so that some of the apples slid out of the bag, rolling on the floor. The man feels
17、compunction. Promptly he takes off his hat, bows to the woman and says: “Im sorry, Im very sorry.” The woman replies: “ Thats all right.”,Some people are always polite while others are not. Whether a person is polite or not depends on how well he or she is educated. A well-educated person can never
18、be impolite to others. The more the education is developed, the better the relationship between people will be.例文分析：文章一开头就指出这是一件日常生活中的小事，接着作者按时间顺序凭自己的想象力细致地描述了事情发生的经过。虽然画面简单，但作者的描述生动、细致，如拿包的中年男士、滚动的苹果等，让读者有身临其境之感，接着作者谈了自己对礼貌的观点。,图表作文,写作方法：1.在动笔之前，认真审题，阅读题目要求，对图表进行分析，找出规律。2.图表作文所提供的资料虽然是图表，但基本要素是数字，写
19、作时，只需要把几个主要数字列出来，说明数字代表的意思，以及所反映的趋势，并不是图表中的每个数字都要反映到文章中去。3.不重要的数字可以弃之不用。写作的内容是对数字提供的信息的归纳总结。对比法是图表作文常用的写作方法。4.发挥主观能动性，作出结论，找出原因或提出解决办法。,例： Changes in peoples Diet,分析：分析数字并确定每段的中心思想：表中的数字是粮食、牛奶、肉和水果在人们饮食中所占比例，通过对数字进行分析，可以找到这样的规律：从1986年到1990年粮食在人们饮食中占的比例逐年下降，而牛奶和肉的比例则逐年上升，这种趋势正是标题Changes in Peoples Di
20、et想说明的，牛奶和肉的比例上升也足以说明人民生活水平在不断提高。该作文是议论文，整篇分三段：第一段提出论点，人们的饮食发生了变化。第二段用表中具体数字支持论点，饮食变化说明生活水 平提高。第三段作出结论，找出饮食变化的原因，人们的饮食变 化和生活水平的提高反映了国家政策好。,Sample: In the past five years, the peoples diet has changed greatly. In 1990, the percentage of grain, milk and meat which the people consumed are 45%, 13% and
21、21% respectively. In 1986, however, they are more than grain(49%) and less milk(10%) and meat(17%). The figures above show the living standard of the people has been raised. Milk and meat are food from animals. Therefore, they are more nutritious and more expensive than grain and vegetables. Now, th
22、e people have become richer than before and they are seeking better diet.,The change in the peoples diet show us the correctness of our national policy. With the development of economy, peoples diet will surely be better and better in the future.,图表作文的基本格式,第一段： 现状-图表揭示的表面现象第二段： 原因-引起图表表面现象的深 层次社会根源第
23、三段： 发展趋势或启示-图表所表述 的现象的发展前景或从中我们得 到的启示,Unit4 关键词作文,像图表作文一样，关键词作文也是一种特殊的提示作文。这类作文的构思写作方法：1. 弄清标题和写作要求，按所给关键词语的顺序进行联想构思，确定前后个词语间的逻辑关系并拟定作文提纲。2. 根据关键词语的组合合理分段。3. 正确使用所给的关键词语。既要把所有词语用上，又要用的正确、恰到好处。注意不能只考虑所给词语而忽视了短文内容的合理性、连贯性和切题性,Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition
24、of no less than 120 words on Earthquake. You are advised to arrange your ideas in three paragraphs with key words given. The following are the words and phrases you may use in your composition. Key words:Obscure recur adolescent suffering come out envelop all of a sudden mortality,昨天上午十时在城东200公里处的乡村
25、地区发生了强烈地震。 来自该地区的初步报告表明这次地震造成了广泛的破坏和重大人员伤亡。死亡人员中包括许多青少年。但是，究竟有多少人伤亡，目前尚不清楚，因为整个地区都淹没在瓦砾（rubble）之中。 然而有一点是肯定的，许多幸存者将要忍受多年的痛苦和不幸。这件事传递的死亡信息极大的震撼了当地人，一些信教的人聚集在一起祈求这样的事情永远不要再发生。,A severe earthqake occurred all of a sudden at 10am yesterday in a rural area, about 200 kilometers east of the city. Initial
26、reports coming out of the region indicate the earthquake has caused widespread devastation/ damage and heavy casualties. Many adolescents were among those injured or killed. Yet it remains obscure exactly how many people were hurt and killed as the entire area has been enveloped in rubble. However,
27、one thing is certain: many of the surviviors may face years of pain and suffering. Local people were clearly shaken by this reminder of their mortality. Some religious ones have gathered to pray that it will never recur.,“救灾”如何译？,Literal: to save sb. from a natural disasterLiberal: to provide disast
28、er relief, to help people to tide over a natural disaster.,全国人民正在为抗震救灾捐款捐物。 The Chinese people are donating money and materials to fight the earthquake and provide disater relief.地震发生后，各级政府已投入大量资金抗震救灾。 Since the occurrence of the earthquake, the governments at all levels have put in large amounts of
29、 funds to fight the earthquake and help people to tide over the disaster.,地震灾区急需抢险器械和救灾基金。 Equipment for the rush repairs and funds for disaster relief are badly needed in the earthquake-battered areas.“救” to save sb, to rescue sb.如果有一线希望，就要千方百计挽救生命。 Every effort will be made to save lives if there
30、is the slightest hope.,救援队员清除瓦砾将婴儿从废墟中救出来。 The rescue workers removed the rubble and saved the baby from the debris.一位60多岁的老太太在地震195小时后从崖石裂缝中被救出来。 A woman in her 60s was rescued from a rock crack, more than 195 hours after the earthqake.救援队员继续在倒塌的楼房中寻找遇难者，成功地救出了几名幸存者。 The emergency workers continued
31、 to search ruined buildings for victims and succeeded in saving some survivors.,“救荒” To relieve famine, to help sb. To tide over a crop failure 政府采取了一系列有效措施救荒。The government adopted a series of effective measures to relieve famine/ help people to tide over a crop failure. “救火” To fight/ put out/ ext
32、inguish a fire他家房子着火了，他的邻居都来帮忙救火。 When his house was on fire, his neighbours came to help to fight/ put out/ extinguish the fire.,Unit 5 写文章摘要或大意,该体裁作文属应用文范畴，现提供一较长的文章，然后要求在规定的时间及字数范围内写出该文章的摘要或大意。摘要或大意是文章的主题、主要论点、论据等要点信息的概括和总结。写摘要或大意的目的在于客观、完整、准确、扼要地把原文的主要内容和观点再现在一篇相对较短（约原文的1| 4至1| 5）的短文里。四、六级至今未考该体
33、裁。,方法与步骤：1.快速浏览原文，找出主题和要点等所需信息。2.根据主要信息，构思这些内容的重组顺序和方式。要求摘要所包含的信息尽可能浓缩、完整、准确。重组遵循与原文同序的原则。3.要忠于原文。不漏要点，不添加原文中没有的情节或观点。保留要点略去细节。4.切忌简单拼合原文要点和主题，要用自己的语言通过浓缩重新组织。,Unit 6 书信作文,书信具有特殊格式，包括信头、正文和信尾三部分。信头和信尾必须符合特定的格式，而正文则仍可以套用三段模式：1.问候、提出写信目的或自我介绍、引出话题；2.阐述上面所提及的问题；3.补充话题或提出问题解决的方案，结束语。四六级考试中一般都给出了信头和信尾。,投
34、诉信Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to you to complain about the poor quality of _ I bought from your store last week. Actually, it has brought us nothing but trouble and inconvenience. It worked perfectly well for the first few days but then it began to make trouble. _. I am sure you will agree this is
35、an unsatisfactory situation and it is also unfair to a customer. So I sincerely hope _. Failing that, I will _. Of course I hope we will not go so far. Looking forward to your reply, I am. Yours sincerely, Chen Ming,范文：Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to you to complain about the poor quality of the TV
36、set I bought from your store last week. Actually, it has brought us nothing but trouble and inconvenience. It worked perfectly well for the first few days but then it began to make trouble. The day before yesterday, there was a football match between the Chinese Football Team and the Brazils. I turn
37、ed on the TV with great expectation but it flashed a lot with lots of noise. I immediately turned it off and a few minutes later I tried it again. Much to my surprise, it refused to work with no picture and sound. I got very angry and my brother said it was totally dead. I am sure you will agree thi
38、s is an unsatisfactory situation and it is also unfair to a customer. So I sincerely hope you will send some serviceman here to fix it or arrange for someone to replace it. Failing that, I will insist on a refund for the full price I have paid. Of course I hope we will not go so far. Looking forward
39、 to your reply, I am.Yours sincerely, Chen Ming,求职信Dear Sir, I am writing in response to _. I am very interested in _ and wish to be considered for _. I feel that I am competent to _ because my education and work experiences are both in line with the requirements of _ you offer. _.Now I would like t
40、o move on to a position that requires _. If you feel that I might be qualified for _, I should welcome an interview any time at your convenience. Enclosed you will find my resume. Yours truly，Li Hong,范文：Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing in response to your advertisement in China Daily on October 5th. I a
41、m very interested in this job and wish to be considered for the position referred to. I feel that I am competent to perform the duties outlined in your advertisement because my education and work experiences are both in line with the requirements of the job you offer. I am twenty-five, a graduate of
42、 Jiaotong University with a bachelors degree in business administration. Since my graduation in 1997, I have held a job as a salesman in an import and export company, where my performance is highly appreciated. Now I would like to move on to a position that requires more individual responsibility. Y
43、our advertisement indicates to me that the job your company offers is exactly what I am looking for. It is a kind of challenge Id like to meet. If you feel that I might be qualified for the post, I should welcome an interview any time at your convenience. Enclosed you will find my resume.Yours Truly
44、,Li Hong,申请信Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to you to apply for _. Though _. Now I formally request to _. The main reason for my decision is that _. Besides, _. What is more _. I am sorry for any inconvenience or trouble that might have been caused by this change. _. I do appreciate your kind considera
45、tion and sincerely hope you will _. Yours sincerely， Zhang Ming,范文：Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to you to apply for a shift of my major. I am a sophomore with major in Automation. Though I have made a great progress during my first year academic training, I find that I am more interested in Business
46、 Administration. Now I formally request to switch to this area of study. The main reason for my decision is that the major I am studying in is my parents choice. They insisted that I should study what they had learned before but after a years study I have come to realize this is not the career I wan
47、t to pursue in my future life. Besides, I have attended business classes as my optional course and achieved a good success, which further confirms my decision. I am sorry for any inconvenience or trouble that might have been caused by this change. The decision is not made lightly. I do appreciate yo
48、ur kind consideration and sincerely hope you will grant me the shift to the new department. Yours sincerely， Zhang Ming,对比性作文欣赏,Samples:Active class or passive classTeacher-centered or Student-centered ClassExam-Oriented or Quality-Oriented,Active classes or Passive classes Although classes often se
49、em alike in appearance, the differences between passive classes and active classes are enormous. The passive kind of class usually has a teacher who lectures, puts outlines and terms on the chalkboard and imparts information to the students. For example, my second-year biology teacher, rarely looked
50、 up from his notebook in which he had carefully written all his lectures. Teachers in a passive classroom simply dictate information and answers. They pour facts into the students like water into a pot. The students are usually forced to sit, listen, take note, and do only what the teacher requires
