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1、History Taking,2011/09/06,Importance,Data for making diagnosis Clue for PE, Lab and other examinationPatient-doctor relationshipBio-psycho-social medical approachAlways, the first step to treat patient,2011/09/06,A “good physician”,A good observerA good communicator A good critic A good decision mak
2、er A good student- now and later,2011/09/06,Basic Principles,CommunicationInterviewers skillEstablish trustQuestions understandable to patientInterpreter if necessaryMain purpose of interviewObtain basic information related to patients illness or reason for visit,2011/09/06,Basic Principles,Intervie
3、wer Cheerful, friendly, but respectful and genuinely concerned about the patientNovice interviewersHave to gain experience asking questions about subjects that are more painful, delicate or unpleasantPermit patient to express themselves in their own words,2011/09/06,Observe body language for nonverb
4、al clues Listening without interruption : is important and requires skill. If you interrupt the patient you can disrupt the patients train of thoughtIN GENERAL: Listen more Talk less and Interrupt infrequently,2011/09/06,Basic Principles,If patient gives a vague historyAsk more direct questionsListe
5、n without any suggestion of prejudice,Treat all patients with respectRegardless of their age, gender, beliefs, intelligence, educational background, legal status, practices, culture, illness, body habitus, emotional condition, or economic state,2011/09/06,Basic Principles,Follow the “rule of five vo
6、wels” uditionListen carefully valuationSort out relevant from irrelevant data nquiryProbe into significant areas requiring more clarification,bservationImportance of nonverbal communicationRegardless of what is said nderstandingOf patients concerns and apprehensionsPlay empathetic role,A,E,I,O,U,201
7、1/09/06,General:,Greet the patient Adequately identify yourself and your purposeAllow patients privacy and comfort during exam,2011/09/06,Identify Yourself,Use Mr./ Mrs./ Ms (Patients name) formal address clarifies the professional nature of the interviewEx:I am a medical student working for (Precep
8、tors Name) who has asked me to do an interview and general examination for you. My name is .,2011/09/06,The contents of inquiry 1 general data 2 chief complaints 3 present illness 4 past medical history 5 systems review 6 personal history 7 marital history 8 menstrual history 9 childbearing history
9、10 family history,2011/09/06,General Data,Name Native placeSex AddressAge Date of admission Race Date of record Occupation NarratorMarriage Reliability,2011/09/06,Chief Complaint,Chief complaint,CC: a sentence that describe patients main un-comfort and its/their duration by patients words Main sympt
10、om or signs. The timing and duration.,2011/09/06,Chief Complaint(s):,Note patients complaint in their own words. Keep it brief and conciseDo not change laymen terms into medical vocabularyYou must communicate with the intention of being understood.Include length of time complaint has been going on (
11、if applicable),2011/09/06,The History of The Present illness,History of Present Illness or HPI:,It refers to recent changes in health that led the patient to seek medical attention at this timeIt describes the information relevant to the chief complaintUse chronological order to organize historyBe v
12、ery thorough,2011/09/06,History of Present Illness:,A clear, chronological narrative includes:Onset of problemSetting in which it developedManifestationsAssociated manifestationsAny treatments General state : appetite , sleeping, urine , bowel movement ,body weight, ect.,Principal symptoms described
13、 in terms of: Location QualityQuantity or severityTiming (onset, duration, frequency)SettingFactors that aggravated or relievedAssociated manifestations,2011/09/06,Free of other unrelated information,“The patient noted”, “The patient stated that he was at that time”“He was well until April 1982, whe
14、n, while walking down the street on a sunny day, with the birds singing overhead, he experienced pain in his chest” “The man was well until April 1982, when while walking easily, he had chest pain”,2011/09/06,Past Medical History,General state of health.Past illness (include Childhood illnesses, Adu
15、lt illnesses ,Psychiatric illnesses, especially any infectious diseases). Past surgical history and Accidents and injuries history.VaccinationsAllergy history,2011/09/06,Past Medical History:,General Health and VigorHow patient feels their general health has been to dateChildhood Illnesses and devel
16、opment:Ask about measles, rubella, mumps, varicella(chicken pox), rheumatic fever, scarlet fever* and pneumonia.Were there any developmental issues?Short stature, cerebral palsy, etc.*Scarlet fever is caused by Streptococcus group A, producing a rash, sometimes, in patients that have strep throat,20
17、11/09/06,Past Medical History:,Adult Significant Illnesses or conditions: Examples: recurrent sore throatsurinary tract infectionsyeast infectionshypertensiondiabetes coronary arterial disease,Note time of onset or date of diagnosiscontrol of disease or conditiontreatment, if any,2011/09/06,Past Med
18、ical History:,Accidents or injuries including fracturesNote date & complications if anyIf injury required surgical intervention, can describe it in detail here. Trauma due to motor vehicle collisionsGet details about accident: passenger/driver, restrained/unrestrained, fractures, etc.,2011/09/06,Pas
19、t Medical History:,Ask about any significant care or other hospitalizations not covered.Ask about toxic and/or Industrial exposure.,Ask tactfully about any psychiatric history or hospitalization.If patient had multiple surgeries, then a separate category would be helpful.,2011/09/06,Past Surgical Hi
20、story:,Note reason for surgery if not obvious Ex: Total abdominal hysterectomy secondary to problems with dysfunctional uterine bleeding vs. gynecologic cancer,Note any complicationsUse chronological order & number or use a separate paragraph if more than one surgical procedure,2011/09/06,Past Surgi
21、cal History: example,Appendectomy in 1973; Queens hospital in New York by Dr. Carter, length of stay of 3 days. General anesthesia without reaction. No complications.Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1988; in Albuquerque Hospital by Dr. Green with length of stay of 3 days. Spinal anesthesia without re
22、action. No complications.,2011/09/06,Past Medical History:,Preventive Health:Current immunization status will depend on age of patient & associated conditionsTetanus (note date) and Hepatitis B series BCG (bacilli Calmette-Guerin) vaccination not given to those in US, but ask residents from other co
23、untries if they have had the vaccination,2011/09/06,Allergy history,Allergy Describe not only what the patient is allergic to, but also the manifestation of that allergy Side effect or allergy,2011/09/06,Review of systems,A printed form that contains the questions that you usually askIf your patient
24、 has a chief complaint involving the GI system, the review of system will be included in the HPI as pertinent positives and negatives. “See HPI”,2011/09/06,Admission Notes- Systems Review,General : weakness, fatigue, anorexia, fever, insomniaIntegument (skin, hair, nails): changes in color (pigmenta
25、tion, jaundice, cyanosis), pruritus, rash, hair lossHEENT:Head: headache, dizziness, vertigoEyes: visual acuity, color vision, corrective lenses, photophobia, diplopia, painEars: pain, discharge, hearing loss, tinnitusNose: epistaxis, discharge, stuffiness, sense of smellThroat: status of teeth, gum
26、s, dentures, taste, soreness, hoarseness, lumpRespiratory: cough, sputum, hemoptysis, wheezingCV: dyspnea(on exertion, at rest, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea), edema, chest distress/pain, palpitation, intermittent claudication, cold limbs,2011/09/06,Admission Notes- Systems Review,GI: dysp
27、hagia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distress pain, change in bowel habit (diarrhea, constipation, character of stool), hematemesis, melena, bloody stoolGU: urinary frequency, hesitancy, urgency, dribbling, incontinence, dysuria, hematuria, nocturia, polyuria, impotenceFemale-menarche, menstrual histo
28、ry(including the date of last period), vaginal bleeding or discharge, pregnancy Metabolic and endocrine: growth and development, weight change, heat/cold intolerance, nervousness, sweating, polydipsiaHematologic: anemia, easy brusity or bleeding, lymphoadenopathy, transfusionNeuropsychiatry: dizzine
29、ss, syncope, seizures, speech disturbance, loss of sensation, paresthesis, ataxia, weakness or paralysis, tremor, anxiety, depression, irritabilityMusculoskeletal: joint pain, stiffness, limitation of motion, muscular weakness, wasting,2011/09/06,Personal history,place of birth current residence edu
30、cational background economic status living conditions professional working conditionsSmoking _ Packs for_ years, quitting for_ yearDrinking Illicit drugs Heroin, Travel,2011/09/06,Menstrual and Childbearing History,age of onset interval between periods duration amount of flow date of last menstrual
31、period(LMP)age of menopause age of pregnancy and childbirth times of artificial or natural abortions stillbirth operative delivery puerperal fever,record menstrual history as follows menstrual duration Age of LMP onset interval between periods,513 2008-03-05 30,513 50 30,2011/09/06,Marrital History,
32、married or unmarried marriage age relations of couple,2011/09/06,Family History:,Ask about & summarize agesstate of healthAge and cause of death (if applicable) of family members parents, siblings, spouse, and childrenInquire about any similar symptoms or signs in family members if patient presents with inheritable symptoms or signsExample: thyroid disorders, cancers, diabetes,2011/09/06,Summary,Inquiry The importance of inquiry The contents of inquiry chief complaints history of present illness The methods and skills of inquiry,2011/09/06,
