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1、托福阅读否定事实信息题3大考点实例讲解 托福阅读考试中有一种名为否定事实信息题的题型，这种题型的特点就是会在题干中假如一个EXCEPT或者NOT来让考生进行选项排除式的解题。今天给大家带来了托福阅读否定事实信息题3大考点实例讲解，希望可以帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。托福阅读否定事实信息题3大考点实例讲解托福阅读否定事实信息题考点：对*或段落主题抓取能力的考察答题时注意看每个选项，尤其是当选项中出现了在该段落中没有的词句时，就可以考虑可能会有某个选项跟本段甚至整片*的主题是相悖的。请看下面例题：Decades before this disaster,environmentali
2、st had predicted just such an enormous oil spill in this areabecause of the treacherous nature of the waters due to the submerged reefs,icebergs, and violent storms there. They had urged that oil be transported tothe continental United States by land-based pipeline rather than by oil tankeror by und
3、ersea pipeline to reduce the potential damage to the environment posedby the threat of an oil spill.Which point is NOT made by theenvironmentalist mentioned in paragraph 2?A. That a huge oil spill in thewaters off Alaska was possible.B. That the waters off the coastof Alaska were dangerous for ships
4、.C. That oil tanker should not beused to transport oil from Alaska.D. That an undersea pipeline waspreferable to a land-based pipeline.这道题题干中提到的environmentalist是整个该段的主语，故不能作为关键信息词。而发现A. C.中的Alaska，都在段落中没有提到。所以可以考虑某个答案与主题相悖。这类题目，也可以多关注段落中是否有表示转折的词汇，例如but, instead of, however, rather than. 所以，稍加阅读后，发现
5、land-based pipeline rather than by oil tanker or by underseapipeline 这句话当中出现rather than, 锁定D选项中同样的话语，刚好与原文观点相反，所以选择D.托福阅读否定事实信息题考点：对最基本的细节信息理解的考察这里可以用更简单的说法：从词中选。 所谓从词中选，就是可以在*中找到几个名词，他们排列存在，共同构成某一事件的所有细节。这时候，出题者会提取出其中三个，并在*别处或者自编一个跟本事件并无关系的名词(词组)。请看下面的例子：In1943, the federal government imposed rent
6、controls to help solve the problem ofhousing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, butin some locations, including NY, controls continued. Under NYs controls, alandlord generally cannot raise rents on APartments as long as the tenantscontinue to renew their leases. In pl
7、aces as Santa Monica, California, rentcontrols are more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970s, whichcombined with Californias rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, aswell as rents, to record levels.Which of the following was NOT a reason forthe introduction of rent controls i
8、n Santa Monica, California?A. Rapid population growthB. InflationC. Economic conditions duringwartimeD. Record-high housing prices在这道排除题中，由于四个选项提供的信息都是用名词词组，我们可以断定，段落中一定存在其中三个词组，而题干中又出现地名Santa Monica, California. 故可将此地名作为关键词，锁定答案所在句子，然后逐一排除。而as Santa Monica, California, rent controlsare more recent.
9、 They were spurred by inflation of the 1970s, which combinedwith Californias rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, . 这句话当中分别提到了A, B, D三个答案，所以答案为C.托福阅读否定事实信息题考点：对事件发展程序理解的考察这类排除题，也可以叫做-从句中选。即考题所提供的答案均为相对比较完整的句子，那么其中有三句话，一定是表达了整个事件发展比较关键的几个步骤，只有一句话与此步骤相悖。这类排除题通常比较耗费时间，考生需要准确判断其事件发展步骤，甚至要通读全段
10、，才能找出正确选项。这里，我给大家提供一种在很大程度上节省时间的方法-点对点寻找。请看下面的例子：The sauce that is today called ketchup (orcatsup) in western cultures is a tomato-based sauce that is quite distinct fromthe eastern ancestors of this product. A sauce called ke-tiap was in use inChina at least as early as the seventeenth century but
11、the Chinese version ofsauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices. The popularity of thisChinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it was called kechap. The Indonesiasauce ketjab drives its name from the same sauce as Malaysian sauce but is madefrom very different ingredients. T
12、he Indonesian ketjab is made by cooking blacksoy beans, fermenting them, placing them in salt brine for at least a week,cooking the resulting solution further, and sweetening it heavily; this processresults in a dark, thick, and sweet variation of soy sauce.It is NOT stated in paragraph 1 thatA. the
13、 Chinese sauce was inexistence in 17th centuryB. the Malaysian sauce was similarto the Chinese sauceC. the Chinese sauce was made fromseafood and spicesD. the Indonesian sauce wassimilar to the Chinese sauce对于这道题，题干中没有任何指示性的词汇，我们无法判断是从事件的哪个阶段入手，那么就只能每个答案逐一排除。仔细阅读A选项，然后发现A选项中有17th century， 故可以将其作为关键线
14、索，去文中寻找，called ke-tiap was in use in China at least as early as theseventeenth century 文中的这句话表明A不能作为正确答案。那么继续看B， B选项中同时提到Malaysian 与Chinese. 则可以到文中去寻找两个国籍名词同时出现的句子，通过判断， this Chinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it wascalled kechap. 这句话表明，B也不能作为正确答案。继续看C，C 选项当中有Chinese, 还有seafood and
15、spices，于是锁定文中句子the Chineseversion of sauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices, 故C也不是正确选项。至此，我们可以直接选择D作为排除选项。托福阅读素材之埃及罗塞塔石碑A Rosetta Stone for a lost language0:11Id like to begin with a thought experiment. Imagine that its 4,000 years into the future. Civilization as we know it has cease
16、d to exist - no books, no electronic devices, no Facebook or Twitter. All knowledge of the English language and the English alphabet has been lost. Now imagine archeologistsdigging through the rubble of one of our cities. What might they find? Well perhaps some rectangular pieces of plastic with str
17、ange symbols on them. Perhaps some circular pieces of metal. Maybe some cylindrical containers with some symbols on them. And perhaps one archeologist becomes an instant celebrity when she discovers - buried in the hills somewhere in North America - massive versions of these same symbols. Now lets a
18、sk ourselves, what could such artifacts say about us to people 4,000 years into the future?1:14This is no hypothetical question. In fact, this is exactly the kind of question were faced with when we try to understand the Indus Valley civilization, which existed 4,000 years ago. The Indus civilizatio
19、n was roughly contemporaneous with the much better known Egyptian and the Mesopotamian civilizations,but it was actually much larger than either of these two civilizations. It occupied the area of approximately one million square kilometers, covering what is now Pakistan, Northwestern India and part
20、s of Afghanistan and Iran. Given that it was such a vast civilization, you might expect to find really powerful rulers, kings, and huge monuments glorifying these powerful kings. In fact, what archeologists have found is none of that. Theyve found small objects such as these.1:59Heres an example of
21、one of these objects. Well obviously this is a replica. But who is this person? A king? A god? A priest? Or perhaps an ordinary person like you or me? We dont know. But the Indus people also left behind artifacts with writing on them. Well no, not pieces of plastic, but stone seals, copper tablets,
22、pottery and, surprisingly, one large sign board, which was found buried near the gate of a city. Now we dont know if it says Hollywood, or even Bollywood for that matter. In fact, we dont even know what any of these objects say, and thats because the Indus script is undeciphered. We dont know what a
23、ny of these symbols mean.2:44The symbols are most commonly found on seals. So you see up there one such object. Its the square object with the unicorn-like animal on it. Now thats a magnificent piece of art. So how big do you think that is? Perhaps that big? Or maybe that big? Well let me show you.
24、Heres a replica of one such seal.Its only about one inch by one inch in size - pretty tiny. So what were these used for? We know that these were used for stamping clay tags that were attached to bundles of goods that were sent from one place to the other. So you know those packing slips you get on y
25、our FedEx boxes? These were used to make those kinds of packing slips. You might wonder what these objects contain in terms of their text.Perhaps theyre the name of the sender or some information about the goods that are being sent from one place to the other - we dont know. We need to decipher the
26、script to answer that question.3:38Deciphering the script is not just an intellectual puzzle; its actually become a question thats become deeply intertwined with the politics and the cultural history of South Asia. In fact, the script has become a battleground of sorts between three different groups
27、 of people. First, theres a group of people who are very passionate in their belief that the Indus script does not represent a language at all. These people believe that the symbols are very similar to the kind of symbols you find on traffic signs or the emblems you find on shields. Theres a second
28、group of people who believe that the Indus script represents an Indo-European language. If you look at a map of India today, youll see that most of the languages spoken in North India belong to the Indo-European language family. So some people believe that the Indus script represents an ancient Indo
29、-European language such as Sanskrit.4:28Theres a last group of people who believe that the Indus people were the ancestors of people living in South India today. These people believe that the Indus script represents an ancient form of the Dravidian language family, which is the language family spoke
30、n in much of South India today. And the proponents of this theory point to that small pocket of Dravidian-speaking people in the North, actually near Afghanistan, and they say that perhaps, sometime in the past, Dravidian languages were spoken all over India and that this suggests that the Indus civ
31、ilization is perhaps also Dravidian.5:03Which of these hypotheses can be true? We dont know, but perhaps if you deciphered the script, you would be able to answer this question. But deciphering the script is a very challenging task. First, theres no Rosetta Stone. I dont mean the software; I mean an
32、 ancient artifact that contains in the same text both a known text and an unknown text. We dont have such an artifact for the Indus script.And furthermore, we dont even know what language they spoke. And to make matters even worse,most of the text that we have are extremely short. So as I showed you
33、, theyre usually found on these seals that are very, very tiny.5:37And so given these formidable obstacles, one might wonder and worry whether one will ever be able to decipher the Indus script. In the rest of my talk, Id like to tell you about how I learned to stop worryingand love the challenge po
34、sed by the Indus script. Ive always been fascinated by the Indus script ever since I read about it in a middle school textbook. And why was I fascinated? Well its the last major undeciphered script in the ancient world. My career path led me to become a computational neuroscientist, so in my day job
35、, I create computer models of the brain to try to understand how the brain makes predictions, how the brain makes decisions, how the brain learns and so on.6:15But in 20XX, my path crossed again with the Indus script. Thats when I was in India, and I had the wonderful opportunity to meet with some I
36、ndian scientists who were using computer models to try to analyze the script. And so it was then that I realized there was an opportunity for me to collaborate with these scientists, and so I jumped at that opportunity. And Id like to describe some of the results that we have found. Or better yet, l
37、ets all collectively decipher. Are you ready?6:41The first thing that you need to do when you have an undeciphered script is try to figure out the direction of writing. Here are two texts that contain some symbols on them. Can you tell me if the direction of writing is right to left or left to right
38、? Ill give you a couple of seconds. Okay. Right to left, how many? Okay. Okay. Left to right? Oh, its almost 50/50. Okay. The answer is: if you look at the left-hand side of the two texts, youll notice that theres a cramping of signs, and it seems like 4,000 years ago, when the scribe was writing fr
39、om right to left, they ran out of space. And so they had to cram the sign. One of the signs is also below the text on the top. This suggests the direction of writing was probably from right to left, and so thats one of the first things we know, that directionality is a very key aspect of linguistic
40、scripts. And the Indus script now has this particular property.7:34What other properties of language does the script show? Languages contain patterns. If I give you the letter Q and ask you to predict the next letter, what do you think that would be? Most of you said U, which is right. Now if I aske
41、d you to predict one more letter, what do you think that would be? Now theres several thoughts. Theres E. It could be I. It could be A, but certainly not B, C or D, right? The Indus script also exhibits similar kinds of patterns. Theres a lot of text that start with this diamond-shaped symbol. And t
42、his in turn tends to be followed by this quotation marks-like symbol. And this is very similar to a Q and U example. This symbol can in turn be followed by these fish-like symbols and some other signs, but never by these other signs at the bottom. And furthermore, theres some signsthat really prefer
43、 the end of texts, such as this jar-shaped sign, and this sign, in fact, happens to be the most frequently occurring sign in the script.8:24Given such patterns, here was our idea. The idea was to use a computer to learn these patterns, and so we gave the computer the existing texts. And the computer
44、 learned a statistical model of which symbols tend to occur together and which symbols tend to follow each other. Given the computer model, we can test the model by essentially quizzing it. So we could deliberately erase some symbols,and we can ask it to predict the missing symbols. Here are some ex
45、amples. You may regard this as perhaps the most ancient game of Wheel of Fortune.9:04What we found was that the computer was successful in 75 percent of the cases in predicting the correct symbol. In the rest of the cases, typically the second best guess or third best guess was the right answer. The
46、res also practical use for this particular procedure. Theres a lot of these texts that are damaged. Heres an example of one such text. And we can use the computer model now to try to complete this text and make a best guess prediction. Heres an example of a symbol that was predicted. And this could
47、be really useful as we try to decipher the script by generating more data that we can analyze.9:36Now heres one other thing you can do with the computer model. So imagine a monkey sitting at a keyboard. I think you might get a random jumble of letters that looks like this. Such a random jumble of le
48、tters is said to have a very high entropy. This is a physics and information theory term. But just imagine its a really random jumble of letters. How many of you have ever spilled coffee on a keyboard?You might have encountered the stuck-key problem - so basically the same symbol being repeated over
49、 and over again. This kind of a sequence is said to have a very low entropy because theres no variation at all. Language, on the other hand, has an intermediate level of entropy; its neither too rigid,nor is it too random. What about the Indus script? Heres a graph that plots the entropies of a whole bunch of
