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1、The Adverbial 状语,一、什么是状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。1. 状语修饰动词Silently she went away. 她悄悄地走开了。2. 状语修饰句子Sadly, he will not be there.令人伤心的是，他将不会在那里了。,3. 状语修饰副词或形容词：1）very, extremely, pretty, badly, any, much, 可作为状语修饰形容词或副词。They travel very fast. 它们行进速度非常快。I cant run any faster. 我不能跑得更快了。2）有些短语
2、如 a bit more, a great deal, more or less, so much也可修饰副词和形容词。Shes feeling so much better today. 她今天身体好多了。3）this 和 that 也可以作状语去修饰形容词和副词Do I look that stupid? 我看起来有那么傻吗？I didnt think wed get this far. 我没想到我们会走这么远。,二、什么可以作状语？1副词（短语）：Say again再说一遍。 Suddenly it began to rain天突然下雨了。2. 形容词（短语）Much intereste
3、d, he agreed to give it a try.他很感兴趣，同意试一试。3介词短语：Please come here in the evening请晚上来这儿。 He wrote with a red pencil他用红铅笔写的。,4动词不定式（或不定式短语）： He went to see a film他看电影去了。My father was surprised to hear the news 我父亲听到这个消息，感到惊奇。 5分词（短语）： He sat there reading a novel他坐在那儿看小说。 The students went away laughin
4、g学生们笑着走开了。,6名词（短语）： Wait a moment等一会儿。It can go all day and all night它能整日整夜地走。 7状语从句： Ill write to you as soon as I get there 我一到那儿就给你写信。 He didnt come because he had to stay at home to finish his home work他没来，因为他不得不留在家里完成家庭作业。,三、状语的分类：状语按用途可分为：地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等几类。 1地点状语： The students
5、 are doing their homework in the classroom学生们正在教室里做作业。,2时间状语： I learned a lot from the peasants when I lived in the countryside我在农村生活时，向农民学到很多东西。3目的状语： They set out early so that they might arrive on time他们早点动身，以便准时到达。,4原因状语：She will not go home because she has to attend a meeting因为要开会，所以她不能回家了。 5结果
6、状语： Li Ming studied so hard that he caught up with the others very quickly李明学习如此努力，结果很快赶上了其他人。,6程度状语： I nearly forgot what he had promised 我几乎忘记了他答应的事。 7方式状语： He came singing and dancing他唱着跳着走过来。,8条件状语： If you work hard at English，you will do well in English如果你努力学习英语，你的英语成绩就会好。 9让步状语： He went to sch
7、ool yesterday though he was ill 昨天他尽管有病，仍上学去了。 10比较状语： Lesson Two is not so difficult as Lesson One 第二课不像第一课那样难。,四、状语的位置： 一般说来状语在句中的位置比较灵活，它可以处于句首、句中或句末。Immediately he replied.He immediately replied.He replied immediately.,1状语位于句首：为了强调状语或者为了使它与上下文紧密衔接，通常把状语放于句首。 Tomorrow I am going swimming明天我要去游泳。
8、Here in the cinema house，smoking is not allowed 在电影院这里不准吸烟的。,2状语位于句中：状语在句中的位置是： (1)如果没有助动词，状语就位于动词前面。 I often go to see a film我经常看电影。 (2)如果动词前有一个或几个助动词，状语位于第一个助动词之后。 He has already had his lunch他已吃过午饭了。 (3)如果动词是be，状语就放在be动词之后。He is always at home. 他总是在家。,3.状语位于句末，这是状语的通常位置。We get up at six in the mo
9、rning.我们早晨六点起床。,五、句中多个状语同时出现，位置如何？1. 多个地点状语同时出现在句末，较小的地点状语放在较大的地点状语前面，单词放在短语前面，次要地点放在重要地点前面。We should sit in the front row in the classroom.我们应该坐在教室的前排。We live in Room 204 in the science building.我们住在科学楼204楼。,2. 地点和时间状语同时出现在一个句子中：（1）地点状语放在时间状语前面。He was born in Beijing in 1979. 他1979年出生于北京。（2）较短的状语放在
10、较长的状语前面。Our plane will arrive at eight oclock this evening at the International Airport in the eastern suburbs of Beijing.我们的飞机将于今晚八点到达北京东郊国际机场。,3. 如果句子中状语有单词、短语和从句，它们的位置排列应是：单词在前面，短语在中间，从句在后边。I hope to stay here for a long time if I am allowedto do so.如果我得到允许的话，我希望在这里呆一段时间。4. 如果句子中同时出现几种状语形式，它们的位置排
11、列是：方式状语+地点状语+时间状语Mary studied well here yesterday.玛丽昨天在这里学得很好。,5. 如果句末状语太多，可调一个（不得超过一个）到句首。如果有时间状语，通常将时间状语放于句首。Yesterday morning Wang Lin was drawing a horse carefully with a brush on a piece of paper in our classroom.昨天上午王琳在我们教室里用笔细心地在一张纸上画马。,The Adverbial Clauses状语从句,九种状从,时间状语从句 地点状语从句原因状语从句 条件状语从
12、句让步状语从句 结果状语从句目的状语从句 方式状语从句比较状语从句,时间状语从句,when, while, as, before, after, since, by the time, till, until, notuntil, every time, each time, the first/second/last time,once, the moment, the minute, the instant, as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, hardly/scarcelywhen/before, no soonerthan (刚/
13、一就),I will discuss this with you when we meet.我们见面时再与你讨论这件事。Come and see me whenever you want to. 任何时候想来就来看看我。,地点状语从句,where, wherever,Sit wherever you like.想坐哪里就坐哪里。You have the right to live where you want.你有权住在你想住的地方。,原因状语从句,because, since, as, for, now that(既然), in that(因为)not that.but that.(不是因为
14、.而是因为),As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.因为天气很好，我们决定爬山。Since he is busy, I wont trouble him. 既然他很忙，我就不打扰他了。He felt a bit worried, not that his students were not working hard, but that they cared little for their health.他有些担心，不是因为他的学生不努力学习，而是因为他们不太注意身体健康。,条件状语从句,if（如果）, unless
15、（除非）,suppose（supposing）（假设），provided/providing （that）（假若）， as(so) long as（只要）, on condition （that）（如果）,If you want to succeed, youd better work hard. 如果你想成功，最好努力工作。Ill come unless it rains.除非下雨，否则我一定来。You can borrow the book as long as you promise to keep it clean.只要你保证不弄脏，你就可以借书。,让步状语从句,although, t
16、hough, as, even though/even if, while(虽然）, whichever, wherever, whatever, whoever, whenever, however, whetheror； no matter +which/what/when/where/who/how,Although he is poor, he is honest. 他虽然穷，但是诚实。Whatever you say she never listens.不管你说什么，她都不听。,结果状语从句,sothat, suchthat,The problem is so difficult t
17、hat it will take us time to work it out.这道题如此难以至于我们要用很多时间才能解决。She is such a kind girl that everyone likes her.她非常善良，以至于每个人都喜欢她。,目的状语从句,so that（为了，以便）, in order that（为了，以便）, in case(以防), lest（以免，以防）,Lets take the front seats so that we can see more clearly.我们坐前排吧，这样可以看得清楚一些。We must hurry off lest we
18、should miss the bus.我们得赶快走了，以免赶不上汽车。,方式状语从句,as（像，如同）, as if/as though（似乎）,State the facts as they are.如实地陈述事实。It looks as if its going to rain.看起来好像要下雨了。She closed her eyes as though she was sleeping.她闭上眼睛似乎在睡觉。,比较状语从句,than, asas, not so/asas, the +比较级, the +比较级,He works as fast as a skilled worker
19、does.他干得像熟练工人一样快。The sooner you reach the target, the higher score you have.你愈快触到目标，得的分愈高。The work was finished earlier than we expected.工作完成得比我们预计的要早。,1 状语从句连词的含义及用法比较；2、no matter wh- 与 wh-ever 引导的从句的区别；3、状语从句的时态问题；4、状语从句倒装及省略问题；5、状语从句与其它从句区别。,考点与难点归纳,一 时间状语从句问题1:1. We were swimming in the lake _ s
20、uddenly the storm started. A. when B. while C. until D. before2. He was about to tell me the secret _ someone patted him on the shoulder. A. as B. until C. whileD. when3. He transplanted the little tree to the garden _ it was the best time for it. A. where B. when C. thatD. until4. Did Jack come bac
21、k early last night? Yes. It was not yet eight oclock _ he arrived home. A. Before B. when C. thatD. until5. He was about halfway through his meal _ a familiar voice came to his ears. A. why B. where C. when D. while,A,D,B,B,C,连接词when的用法小结when可用来引导时间状语从句，意为“当的时候”从句的谓语动词可以是延续的，也可以是短暂的。如： When the film
22、 ended, they went back. When I lived there, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.2. When 常用于下列句式：意为“就在那时”。如： was doing somethingwhen was about to dowhen was on the point of doing sth. when had donewhen3. when可以表“既然”，如： How can I help them to understand when they wont listen to me?,注意同一个从属连词的多义性：,
23、问题2:6. The cost of living in Glasgow is among the lowest in Britain, _ the quality of life is probably one of the highest. A. since B. when C. as D. while7. _ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person. A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless8. _it is true that a students most impo
24、rtant goal is to do well in his or her studies, it doesnt need to be the only goal. A when B As C While D Before25. Mary made coffee her guests were finishing their meal.(全国) A. so that B. although C. while D. as if,D,A,C,C,1. while可用来引导时间状语，意为“当的时候”；引导的动作必须是持续性的，如： Please dont talk so loud while ot
25、hers are working. 2. while作为并列连词，意为“而，却”，表示对比。 Jane was dressed in brown while Mary was dressed in blue. 3. while也可用来引导让步状语，意为“尽管，虽然”；可表示尽管，相当于although While I admit that the problems are difficult , I dont agree that they cant be solved. 4 趁的情况赶紧做, 否则来不及了 Strike while the iron is hot.,连接词while的用法小结
26、,1.as可用来引导时间状语，意为“一边一边”；随着如： She sang as she walked home all the way. (一边一边）She was doing her homework as she was listening to the music.As she grew older, she became more beautiful. （随着）As the day went on, the weather got worse.2.as也可用来引导原因状语从句意为“因为”；如： As she is free today, she would like to do so
27、me shopping. （因为） 3.as还可用来引导让步状语从句（通常用倒装结构）意为“尽管”。如：Tired as he was, he refused to take a rest. （尽管） Hard as he worked, he cant work out the problem. Child as he is, he knows a lot.,连接词as的用法小结,连接词when, while, as的用法区别：when, while, as这三个连词都可表示“当的时候”，使用时应注意：1) when可表示一个时间点，也可表示一个时间段。如：When he came in,
28、we were having supper.When we were having supper, the light suddenly went out.2) while则只表示一个时间段。它所引导的时间状语从句中的时态常用进行时态。如： When/While he was eating his breakfast, he heard the doorbell ring. While he was watching TV, the boy fell asleep.3) as则强调主句和从句的动作在同一时间进行;也可表示“随着”， 。She sang as she walked along.A
29、s the election approached, the violence（暴行） got worse.,问题3:1. Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her? Yes. I gave it to her _ I saw her. A. whileB. the moment C. suddenlyD. although2. I thought her nice and honest _ I met her. A. first time B. for the first time C. the first timeD. by
30、the first time3. _ entered the office when he realized that he had forgotten his report. A. He hardly had B. Had he hardly C. Hardly had heD. Hardly he had,B,C,C,小结：1一些词，如the moment, the minute, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, hardlywhen, scarcelywhen, no soonerthan等也可引导时 间状语从句，相当于as
31、soon as的意思。 I came immediately you called me up.2一些含有time的名词短语，如the first /second/last time,every time, each time, next time, by the time等，也可引导时间状语从句。The first time I drove the car, I felt very nervous.Next time you come, please bring your computer.3. 如果hardly或no sooner或scarcely置于句首，句子必 须倒装。 Hardly
32、/scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.,问题4:1. Was his father very strict with him when he was at school? Yes. He had never praised him _ he became one of the top students in his grade. A. after B. unless C. until D. when2. A good storyteller must be able to hold listeners curiosity _ he rea
33、ches the end of the story. A. when B. unless C. after D. until3. It was not _ she took off her dark glasses _ I realized she was a famous film star. A. when; that B. until; that C. until; when D. when; then,C,D,B,小结：till, until和notuntil：1.until/till从句用于肯定句时，主句的动词 是延续性动作，意为“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停 止”。如： We wa
34、ited until/till he came. 2用于否定句时，主句谓语动词是非延续性动词，意为“某动作直到某时间才开始”。如： He wont go to bed until her father returns.3till不可以置于句首，而until可以。如： Until you told me I had no idea of it.4notuntil句型中的强调和倒装说法： It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it. Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.,问
35、题5:1. He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation _ it got worse. A. until B. when C. beforeD. as2. Scientists say it may be five or six years_ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. A. since B. after C. before D. when3. Why didnt you tell him about the meeting? He rushed
36、 out of the room_I could say a word. A. before B. untilC. whenD. after4. It is almost five years _ we saw each other last time. A. before B. since C. after D. because,C,C,A,B,连接词before的小结：一、含义1 We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw the land.2 We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired.
37、3 Please write it down before you forget it.4 He rushed out of the room before I could say a word, .,“过了才”,“不到就”,“趁”,“还没来得及”,二1）It will be一段时间before“还要过多久才” It will be two years before he leaves the country. 2） It was +时间段+before 从句 “过了多久才”（已发生） It was three weeks before he came back 3） It will not
38、be long before“过不了多久就会” It wont be long before she comes back 4） It was not long before“过不多久就了” 如： It wasnt long before he realized his mistake. 5）It is/has been时间since如： It is/has been three years since she was in the army. It is/has been three years since she joined the army.,注意时态,1. After the war
39、，a new school building was put up _ there had once been a theatre. A. thatB. whereC. whichD. when2. - Dont look down upon Bob. He has his own advantages. - Oh, yes. _ others are weak, he is strong. A. If B. WhenC. Where D. Though3. - The thread of my kite broke and it flew away. - I had told you it
40、would easily break _it was the weakest A. when B. where C. unless D. since,二、 地点状语从句,地点状语从句只有两个连词: Where，whereverWhere - 在地方，Wherever - 无论哪里1.Put the medicine where you can easily get it.2.Where there is a will, there is a way.3.He follows her wherever she goes.4.Wherever you are, I will be right th
41、ere waiting for you.,三、 条件状语从句问题1：1、 It is known to all that _ you exercise regularly, you wont keep good health. A. unless B. whenever C. although D. if 2. You will be late _ you leave immediately.A. unless B. until C. if D. or3. The little boy wont go to sleep his mother tells him a story. A. or B
42、. unless C. but D. whether,A,A,B,unless 相当于 if not，意思是“除非”“如果不就”。,问题2：1、_ I can see, there is only one possible way to keep away from the danger. A. Because B. As far as D. Even if 2、I always take something to read when I go to the doctors _ I have to wait. Ain case Bso that Cin orderDas if,B,A,as l
43、ong as 与 as far as 都可引导条件状语从句，as long as 表示“只要”，as far as 表示“就而言”。题1根据题意应该选用B。in case 表示“以防”。,四、让步状语从句问题1： 1、 _ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person. A. While B. Since C. Before D. Unless2、Allow children the space to voice their opinions, _they are different from your own.
44、A. untilB. even ifC. unless D. as though,A,B,while 既可引导时间状语从句，又可引导并列句，还可引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”。even if 等于 even though，表示“即使、尽管”。as though 等于 as if，引导方式状语从句，表示“好像、似乎”。,问题2： 1、 He tried his best to solve the problem, _ difficult it was. A. however B. no matter C. whatever D although 2、The old tower must be s
45、aved, _the cost is. Ahowever Bwhatever Cwhichever Dwherever 3. English and French are taught here. You can choose _ you like. A. no matter which B. whichever C.which D. whatever,A,B,no matter wh- 与 wh-ever 的联系及区别：no matter wh- 只引导让步状语从句，此时与 wh-ever通用。No matter when / Whenever he comes back, he shoul
46、d be invited to the party.wh-ever又可引导名词性从句， No matter wh-不能。如：Whoever can help us will be welcome.,B,五、结果状语从句 sothat,suchthat1) It is so good a story that Ill never forget it. It is such a good story that Ill never forget it.2)such+ a +adj+名词 +that clause such+（adj）+名词复数3)so +adj./adv. +that clause4
47、)so + many/few + 复数名词 +that clause much/little+不可数名词,六、原因状语从句,1) because表示某件事情发生的直接原因或理由。它的语气很强，因而常用来回答why的提问。在这几个连词中，它表示原因的语气最强。如：He didnt come to school yesterday because he was ill.2) since常表示对方已经知道的既成事实，说话人根据这个事实得出某一种结论。其语气比because要弱，一般译成“既然”。如：Since you are here, why not stay for a few more day
48、s?3) as常用于表示十分明显的原因，说明因果关系，重点放在主句上，语气较弱，常译成“由于”。如：As its getting darker, we must go home now.4) for只是一个并列连词，用于连接两个并列句，表示推理或解释，对前一个分句进行附加说明。如：It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.,例. The day must be breaking, _ the birds have begun singing. A. because B. as C. for D. since,句意为：天破晓了，因
49、为鸟儿开始歌唱。for表附加推断的理由。不是必然的因果关系,而是一种推断。,七、目的状语从句,.I hurried _ I wouldnt be late for class. A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it. Better take more clothes in case the w
50、eather is cold.,八、比较状语从句,（ asas,not as(so)as, more/-erthan,lessthan1)He doesnt work so hard as you do.2)There is as much ink in bottle A as in bottle B.3)The more you worry, the less youll succeed.4) Gold is much heavier than any other metal.26. I have seldom seen my mother_ pleased with my progress
