《英文文献方法论ppt课件.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英文文献方法论ppt课件.ppt（27页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Describing,Academic Writing Course,Methodology,Contents,What is Methodology?,1. the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study, or the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge;2. the analysis of the principles o
2、f methods, rules, and postulates employed by a discipline; 3. the systematic study of methods that are, can be, or have been applied within a discipline;4. the study or description of methods -Wikipedia,Data Collection Methods?,What is a questionnaire?,a research instrument consisting of a series of
3、 questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondentsa data-gathering device that elicits from a respondent the answers or reactions to pre-arranged questions presented in a specific ordera series of questions asked to individuals to obtain statistically useful infor
4、mation about a given topica group of printed questions used to collect information from the people who answer them (usually called respondents)The questionnaire was invented by Sir Francis Galton.,Question Types?,Closed-ended questions,open-ended questions,Advantages and Disadvantages?,P51,Steps to
5、design a questionnaire?,1. Decide the information required.2. Define the target respondents.3. Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents.4. Design the questions.,5. Put questions into a meaningful order and format.6. Check the length of the questionnaire.7. Pre-test the questionnaire.
6、8. Develop the final survey form.,P51,Practice making a questionnaire,Work in small groups in an attempt to design a questionnaire to obtain information about students attendance and reasons for their absence from class.,What is methodology section about?,provides the information by which a studys v
7、alidity is judged. answers two main questions: 1) How was the data collected or generated? 2) How was it analyzed? The writing should be direct and precise and written in the past tense.,What included?,Investigate perceptions of English needs in a medical context among college students in Taiwan,341
8、 medical students in the Department of Medicine, including 97 freshmen, 74 sophomores, 90 juniors, and 80 seniors, and 20 faculty members in the medical program,Chung Shan Medical College in Taichung, Taiwan, China,Two questionnaires,The questionnaire was given to the medical students. The faculty q
9、uestionnaire was given to 20 teachers.,The data were computer-analyzed using an SPSS program.,P40-41,Research objective,Research subjects or Participants,Research location,Materials,Procedures,Statistical analysis,The questionnaire to the students includes 5 sections with 23 questions:demographic in
10、formationimportance of English in college and professional careersperceived language skill needs and problemsthe activities needed in a freshman language coursesuggestions for development of course content and materials as well as demographic information.,Questionnaires to the students and the facul
11、ty?,The questionnaire to the faculty with 16 questions in 4 sections,P42,What may be included in methodology section?,Discussion&Summary,P45,1) Overview of the experiment: one sentence briefly tells what was done (like a topic sentence);2) Population: state the people/subjects studied, or the things
12、 tested;3) Location: where the study took place;4) Restriction/Limiting conditions: precautions taken to make sure that the data are valid;5) Sampling Techniques: describe how the subject are selected for the study;6) Materials: describe the materials used to conduct the study or experiment;7) Proce
13、dures: State the steps of the experiment in a chronological order;8) Statistical Treatment: describe how the statistics are examined.,3 Writing Practice,Keys for reference,3.1 Read the following sentences. They are all taken from method sections from different research articles. In each case, determ
14、ine which information element is represented.,1. A total of 369 participants (52.7% female) of European origins with a mean age of 27.2 were recruited by research assistants in public places in the Montreal region.2. The data used for the current analysis consist of 60 texts taken from 20 engineerin
15、g journals.3. Experimenters approached potential participants by introducing themselves as students from the University of Quebec in Montreal and then asked if they would accept to participate in a short study on facial expressions. 4. The study aims to examine the use of SEF as a tool for providing
16、 evidence of teaching effectiveness in tertiary education.,subjects,materials,procedure,overview,P45,5. The results of the two questionnaires were subjected to statistical tests of reliability and significance using SPSS.6. Envelopes containing the survey materials were sent to the local business ma
17、nager of each union. In the envelope, there were a cover letter explaining the project, a questionnaire, and a pre-paid return envelope. The union business managers were contacted and asked to select workers from their unions to finish the questionnaire.7. The participants were 90 first-year student
18、s from the School of Foreign Languages at a major university in Nanjing. Their average age was 18. They constituted a convenience sample.8. The investigation was performed in a national laboratory affiliated to a research center for industrial automation in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province.,data analysis,p
19、rocedure and materials,sampling,research location,Voice used in methodology section?,2.1.1 Go over the reading passage in 1.2 and mark the verbs in the passive voice and complete the following table:,was initiated,were translated, piloted and modified;were given to; was gathered,were developed; were
20、 sent to; were given to,were computer-analyzed; were determined; were conducted,2.1.2 Rewrite the following paragraph with the passive voice.,P43,2. Language focus the passive voice,Some people consider poison ivy infection to be humorous. But it is not funny at all. Contact with the plant causes a
21、rash that has the intensity of a fresh mosquito bite and lasts for several days. Scientists have studied poison ivy infection for centuries, but they have found no preventive pills or inoculation. The poisonous substance in the plant is called urushiol. After urushiol has touched the skin, blisters
22、and weeping sores will soon cover the exposed area.,Poison ivy infection is considered by some people to be humorous. But it is not funny at all. A rash that has the intensity of a fresh mosquito bite and lasts for several days is caused by contact with the plant. Poison ivy infection has been studi
23、ed by scientists for centuries, but no preventive pills or inoculation has been found. The poisonous substance in the plant is called urushiol. After the skin is touched by urushiol, the exposed area will soon be covered by blisters and weeping.,2. Language focus,2.2 Sequential markers,a certain gro
24、up of items, mainly adverbs and preposition phrases, that link sentences together into a larger unit of discourse.,1. They can indicate chronological order, or order of importance: first secondly thirdly to begin with next to conclude2. They can add to or reinforce what has already been said: furthe
25、rmore in addition what is more also3. They can indicate that two propositions have equal status: likewise similarly4. They can indicate cause-effect relationships: consequently so as a result therefore5. They can indicate that a given proposition contradicts an earlier one: conversely on the contrar
26、y by contrast6. They can indicate concession: nevertheless in any case7. Sometimes a distinction is made between external and internal sequencers: first of all then finally can indicate chronological sequence (external) or order of importance (internal),The following sentences describe the process o
27、f making paper. Use sequential markers to rewrite them into a cohesive paragraph.,1. The logs are placed in the shredder.2. They are cut into small chips and mixed with water and acid.3. The mixture is heated and crushed to a heavy pulp which is cleaned.4. It is chemically bleached.5. It is passed t
28、hrough rollers to be flattened.6. Sheets of wet paper are produced.7. The water is removed from the sheets which are pressed, dried and refined and the finished paper is produced.,P44,2. Language focus,Keys for reference,Firstly, the logs are placed in the shredder. Then, they are cut into small chi
29、ps and mixed with water and acid. After that, the mixture is heated and crushed to a heavy pulp which is cleaned. It is also chemically bleached. Later, it is passed through rollers to be flattened. Then sheets of wet paper are produced. Finally, the water is removed from the sheets which are presse
30、d, dried and refined and the finished paper is produced.,A group of MBA students from a major metropolitan state university were recruited as participants for the investigation. 1)_ (问卷调查实施) after the topic of the BSC had been discussed in the course. The 136 students who enrolled in a managerial ac
31、counting course 2)_ (完成了这份问卷). 3)_ _(表2给出了这些参与者的背景信息). As was shown, the majority of participants were male. 4)_ (参与者的平均年龄约29岁), 5)_ (平均工作年限约6年).,3.2 Complete the following paragraph by translating Chinese into English.,The questionnaire was administered,completed the questionnaire,Background inform
32、ation about these participants was presented,The mean age of the participants,was approximately 29 years old,the year of working experience was six on the average,in Table 2,3 Writing Practice,P46,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,3.3 Reordering sentences,P47,3.4 Rewriting sentences,1. Table 5 shows the number of s
33、tudents per level and their Ll language backgrounds which are represented.Table 5 shows the number of students per level and their Ll language backgrounds represented.2. Two questionnaires which were administered respectively to the personnel officers and business employees show a similar result in
34、terms of their perception of the use of English in their firm.Two questionnaires administered respectively to the personnel officers and business employees show a similar result in terms of their perception of the use of English in their firm.3. The scores of the two raters were averaged and all the
35、 data were entered for statistical analysis.The scores of the two raters were averaged and entered for statistical analysis.,3 Writing Practice,4. The model which was used in the experiment was a modified version of the 2006 Test package, which was originally developed by the Morrison Research Insti
36、tute.The model used in the experiment was a modified version of the 2006 Test package, originally developed by the Morrison Research Institute.5. Gray (1998) studied the effectiveness of the new schedule. He used scores on the Stanford Achievement Test as the measure.Gray (1998) studied the effectiv
37、eness of the new schedule, using scores on the Stanford Achievement Test as the measure.6. Having explained the directions, the students began to write. The directions having been explained, the students began to write.7. The schedule was in effect for only 1 year, with students achieving better res
38、ults. Students achieved better results, although the schedule was in effect for only 1 year. (put the main idea in the main clause),8. The teacher put the assignment on the board, and then she checked the roll and found that three students were absent. After putting the assignment on the board, the
39、teacher found by checking the roll that three students were absent.9. School administrators who are interested in making changes, that are not too expensive or too complex for the most part have been overly receptive to simplistic solutions. Many school administrators seem interested in making only
40、simple and inexpensive changes because they have been overly receptive to simplistic solutions. (avoid inserting long modifiers between the subject and the verb)10. One of the obstacles that deter the installation of solar energy systems that are designed to achieve the savings that are important to
41、 all people is the reluctance of those individuals to make large capital investment. Many people are reluctant to install solar energy systems because of the large capital investment required. (avoid using subordinate clauses that modify other subordinate clauses),3.5 Turning notes into a passage,A
42、taste test was conducted to determine students preferences and attitudes toward sugar-sweetened and artificially-sweetened beverages. Ten people, five male students and five female students, from Science English class 1 were chosen at random to participate in the test. The materials used were thirty
43、 straws, two cups, one blindfold, and two containers of Kool-Aid, a popular drink in the United States. One container held four cups of orange Kool-Aid sweetened with one half cup of sugar. The other container held four cups of orange Kool-aid sweetened with 9 packets of Nutrasweet brand artificial
44、sweetener. The steps included in the test were as follows. Ten volunteer students were chosen, five male students and five female students. They were placed into two lines, one for the males and the other for the females. Alternately, men and women completed the taste test. To complete the test a bl
45、indfold was first fastened over the eyes of the tester so that he/she could not see. Then the two cups were filled with beverage, one with artificially-sweetened Kool-Aid and the other with sugar-sweetened Kool-Aid. The tester was then asked three questions from a survey and the answers were tabulated. Next, using a straw, the tester took a sip from each cup. Then the final two questions on the survey were asked and the answers tabulated. Finally, the remaining drink was thrown away, and the next tester came forward to repeat the process.,3 Writing Practice,Academic Writing Course,
