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1、English Grammar Sentences,英语句子种类与类型,I、句子种类（按交际用途分） 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、THERE-BE结构II、句子类型（按句子结构分） 简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句,I、句子种类（按交际用途分） 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、THERE-BE存在句,定义：说明一个事实或陈述一个看法，有肯定式和否定式，语序是主语在前，谓语在后。 举例：肯定陈述句She arrived early. 否定陈述句 She cannot have arrived now.,陈述句,1）半否定句I hardly know anything about it. 2
2、）部分否定句与全否定句I dont like both the films.I like neither Cathy nor Mary. 3)否定转移I dont think it will be very cold today. (believe, expect, suppose,imagine),否定陈述句,疑问句,（1）一般疑问句（2）特殊疑问句（3）选择疑问句（4）附加疑问句（5）修辞疑问句（6）感叹疑问句（7）反问句,定义：用以提问的句子叫做疑问句。疑问句句末需用问号。,分类：,定义：用来询问一件事，答案通常是yes或no，注意语序。举例：Have you anything to s
3、ay? Did someone phone me last night? Cant you understand it? Isnt it a beautiful lake? -Havent you been to the UK? -No, I havent.,一般疑问句,特殊疑问词有：who,whose,what,which,where,when,why,how等。,A、简略式 Why not go alone? Why get so angry? How/What about taking a rest? B、复杂特殊疑问句 What do you think he has done?,特殊
4、疑问句,定义：用来对句子某一特殊部分进行提问的疑问句。,(1)以一般疑问句为基础Is he a teacher or a doctor or a policeman?Shall I help you or can you manage?(2)以特殊疑问句为基础Which do you prefer, red wine or white?How shall we go there? By bus or by train?,选择疑问句,定义：提供两种或两种以上的情况供对方选择，有2种形式。,附加疑问句（反意疑问句）,定义：附在陈述句之后，对陈述句所述的事实或观点提出疑问。回答一般用yes或no。有
5、2种表达结构。,结构1：陈述句是肯定结构，附加疑问句用否定结构；或陈述句是否定结构，附加疑问句用肯定结构。附加疑问句的主语必须用代词。,结构2：陈述句是肯定结构，附加疑问句也用肯定结构。,结构1举例：She knows you,doesnt she?（前肯+后否）Yes,she does.(是的，她认识我） No,she doesnt.(不，她不认识我）在正式文体中，否定疑问句不用缩略格式，not应置于主语之后。 如：She knows you,does she not?（前否+后肯） Im not on the wrong train,am I? Yes,you are.(不，你上错火车了）
6、 No,you arent.（是的，你没有上错火车）,附加疑问句（反意疑问句）,结构2举例：Your car is outside,is it？（前肯+后肯）Yes,it is.（是的，车停在外面） No,it isnt.（不，车没有停在外面）,附加疑问句（反意疑问句）,注意：附加疑问句有时可用eh? right? am I right? dont you think? isnt that so?等。例句：She didnt pass the exam, right?,反意疑问句练习,1.Tom hardly knows French, _ _?2.Mary didnt fail her ex
7、am, did she? -_, she didnt.3.You neednt come, _ you? You need to come, _ you?4.He had a big time there, _ he? He had a car, _ he? We hardly have to get up early, _ we?5.He used to live in Leeds, _ he?,does he,No,must,dont,didnt,didnt,do,didnt,6.Lets go to the match at once, _ we? Leave me alone, _ y
8、ou?7.They have been learning to drive, _ they?8.No one was hurt, _ _ ?9.There is no doubt about it, _ _ ?10.Anna hasnt got to go to school on Sunday, _ she?,shall,will,havent,werent they,is there,has,反意疑问句练习,What more do you want?你还想要什么呢？意即：你不应该再想要什么了，应知足了。,修辞疑问句,Is it important?这事对你重要吗？意即：这事对你无关紧要，
9、没必要问。,定义：为了取得一种修辞上的效果而提出的，相当于陈述句，不需要回答，肯定结构表否定，否定结构表肯定。,What do I care?关我什么事？意即：一点都不关我的事。,举例：,Am I hungry!我当然饿！,感叹疑问句,Hasnt she grown!她长得多快！,定义：形式虽是疑问句，实际是表感叹。肯定与否定结构皆可用。句末用感叹号。,举例：,Im going to town.To town?Yes,反问句,定义：要求对方肯定或解释所说过的话。这种疑问句往往重复对方的话，或提出特殊疑问。,举例：,定义： 表达命令、要求、请求、劝告等，用原形。,祈使句,形式：祈使句的主语常为第
10、二人称you，谓语动词用原形，否定结构用dont + 动词原形。,祈使句,1）带第二人称的祈使句 Be quiet, please. Dont make any noise! You call a taxi. Dont you forget it.(强调) Give me a hand, will/wont/would/wouldn you?2）带第一、三人称的祈使句 Let me try again. Lets go. Let us go. Lets not say anything about it./Dont lets say Let him be here by 10 oclock.,
11、祈使句,祈使句除用谓语动词表示外，还可用名词、形容词、副词等表示。如：Help！Patience!Quickly!Hands up!,祈使句,注意：1、加强语气 Do be careful of my broken leg. Do let me have another try. 2 、祈使句的省略式 A:Shall I open the window? B:Yes, please do./ No, please dont. A:Shall we watch the game? B:Yes, lets.,定义：用以表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子。,举例：What a lovely baby it
12、 is! How foolish she is!,感叹句,1）陈述句、疑问句改变原来的音调（即变为降调）即可构成感叹句。,举例：Mum,aunt is coming! Have you ever seen such a thing?!,2）将感叹词what或how及它所修饰的词置于句首，即可构成感叹句。,感叹句,3）单词或短语构成感叹句（省去其它句子成分）。,举例：Fire!着火啦！ God heavens!天啦！,There-be结构,举例： (1)There is a clock on the table.(2)Once there lived a king called Lear.(3)
13、There goes the bell!(4)Here comes the bus. Here he comes.(4)There used to be a village at the foot of the mountain.(5)There is to be a heavy rain tonight.(6)There seems to be some misunderstanding.(7)There is a baby crying in the next door.,说明：there-be结构中，there通常没有词义，其后的动词具有实义。,A. there be 结构中的be 可运
14、用各种时态。 1. 今晚有个会议。 There is going to be/will be a meeting tonight.2.有个女孩一直在等你。 There has been a girl waiting for you. 3.你来之前就有过很多起这样的事故。 There had been many such accidents before you came.,There-be结构,B. There be 结构变形。 1. There used/seem/ happen/appear to be1). 看来没人愿意帮忙。 There appeared to be nobody wi
15、lling to help.2). 过去这儿有一座楼房。 There used to be a building here.,There-be结构,3). 碰巧有个人在此经过。 There happened to be a man walking by.4). 好象没有太大的希望。 There doesnt seem to be much hope.,There-be结构,B. There be 结构变形。 2. 在there be的 be 前还可以加上各种情态动词.1). 一定有问题。 There must be something wrong.2). 不应该有这么多的人。 There ou
16、ght not to be so many people.3). 可能还有点希望。 There might still be hope.,There-be结构,C. “there be”结构中的特殊动词：1. 除用动词be之外，还可以用和be意义相近的其他动词：live, exist, stand, lie, occur, come, follow, remain等。1).很久很久以前，有一个国王。 Long, long ago, there lived a king.,There-be结构,2). 然后有人敲门。 Then there came a knock at the door.3).
17、 然后是传来了可怕的声音。 There followed a terrible noise.4). 突然进来了一个奇怪的人。 Suddenly there entered a strange man.,There-be结构,D. “there be” 的特殊的表达方式 1.There is no sense in doing 做某事是没有意义的 There is no sense in making him angry. 跟他生气是没有用的。,There-be结构,2. There is no use doing 做某事是没有用的 There is no use going there. 去那
18、儿是没有好处的。 3. There is no need to do 没有必要做某事 There is no need to give him so much money. 根本没有必要给他那么多的钱。,There-be结构,II、句子类型（按句子结构分） 简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句,定义：只包含一个主谓结构，个个成分都是单词或短语的句子。,All roads lead to Rome.He got up, dressed quickly, washed himself and went out.Is he a superman?Dont be shy. Have a try.The
19、man dressed in black seems to be a spy.,简单句,例句：,定义：包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构，分句由并列连词and;then;but;or;orelse;so;for;while;when;bothand;eitheror;neithernor;not only,but also;as well as等来连接。,并列句,He is a basketball fan, and his wife is a volleyball fan.Honey is sweet, but the bee stings.Dont be late, for there is
20、 a meeting.Hurry up, or youll be late.He works hard while his brother is a lazybone.He was enjoying his KFC when a friend came.,并列句,例句：,定义：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成，即复合句的某个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等，由另一个句子承当。主句是全句的主体，往往可以独立存在，而从句仅是全句的一个句子成分，不能独立存在。,复合句,复合句-关联词,引导从句的关联词有7类：,1）从属连词：有whether,when,although,becaus
21、e,if等。如：I dont know whether he will be able come tomorrow.,2）疑问代词：who,whom,whose,which,what。如：Who he is doesnt concern me.,3）疑问副词：when,where,why,how。如：I cant understand why he is so late.,复合句-关联词,4）关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that。如：Nobody who understands the subject would say such a thing.,5）关系副词：whe
22、n,where,why。如：She would like to live in a country where it never snows.,6）缩合连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,that,whichever。如：Show me what you have written.,7）缩合连接副词：whenever,where,wherever,however。如：Whenever he goes out,he always takes his umbrella.,主语从句,定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连
23、接代词、缩合连接副词等。,例句：,What she did is not yet known.Whoever comes is welcome.It is said that hes got married.How strange it is that the children are so quiet!,表语从句,定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词有疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、从属连词等。,例句：,The problem is who we can get to replace her.The question is how he did it.The troubl
24、e is that I have lost his address.,宾语从句,例句：,I am curious as to what he will say.I know he has returned.(在非正式文体中，关联词that被省去）You may do what you will.,定义：用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。,定语从句,例句：,The man who I saw is called Smith.Id like a room whose window looks out over the se
25、a.A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read.We dont like the room,which is cold.（相当于状语从句）,定义：用作定语的从句叫做定语从句。定语通常置于它所修饰的名词（或代词）之后，这种名词或代词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语。,定语从句=先行词+引导词+其它。,引导词的选用取决于：1）先行词；2）先行词的修饰语；3）引导词在定语从句中的成分。注意：定语从句中的主谓一致；He was the on
26、ly one of the boys who was praised by the headmaster at the meeting.,定语从句,同位语从句,定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。同位语从句的形式与定语从句相似，二者之前都有先行词，但与先行词的关系不同。同位语从句与先行词同位或等同，定语从句则是修饰先行词。同位语从句的先行词多为fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply等，关联词多用that（that可省略），偶尔也用who,where,how等词。,例句：,They were all worried over the fact that yo
27、u were sick.It is a question how he solved that problem.,状语从句,定义：用作状语语的从句叫做状语从句。引导状语从句的关联词是某些从属连词。,说明：状语从句在句中的位置比较灵活，可置于句首、句中、句末。,分类：根据状语从句的用途，可将状语从句分为9类。,1）时间状语从句关联词：after,before,as,when,while,since,till,until, whenever,as long as,as soon as;the moment,every time,next time;no soonerthan,hardlywhen等
28、。Eg:Since I was a child I have lived in England.Eg:As soon as I went in,Karry cried out with pleasure.2）地点状语从句关联词： where,wherever,anywhere等。Eg:You are able to go wherever you like.Eg:He would live with his grandmother anywhere she lived.,状语从句分类,3） 原因状语从句关联词：because,since,as,now that,thatEg:Lanny was
29、 worried because she hadnt had any letter from Kurt.Eg:Since we have no money,we cant buy it.4）结果状语从句关联词： so that,sothat,suchthat,with the result shatEg:She sat behind me so that I could not see the expression on her face.Eg:I was in the bath,with the result that I didnt hear the telephone.,状语从句分类,5
30、）程度状语从句关联词： asas, more than,sothat,suchthat等。Eg:Her heart beat so that she could hardly breathe.Eg:A computer is intelligent only to the extent that it can stor information.6）目的状语从句关联词： so that,in order that,in case等。Eg:I lent him 5 in order that he might go for a holiday.Eg:He took an umbrella with
31、 him for fear(that) it might rain.7）条件状语从句关联词：if,unless等Eg:If the weather is fine tomorrow,we shall go to the country.Eg:In case it rains,do not expect me.,状语从句分类,8）让步状语从句关联词：though,although,even if,even though,in spite of the fact that ,whenever,wherever,whoever,whichever,However,no matter how,whet
32、her等。Eg:If/Though he is little,he is strong.Eg:You cant come in,whoever you are.9）方式状语从句关联词：as,as if,as though等。Eg:You ought to write as he does.Eg:Birds dont have feelings like we do.,状语从句分类,含义：并列句+复合句,English is widely used in the world, but China has the largest number of people who speak Chinese.,并列复合句,举例：,But连接并列句，who引导定语从句。,
