词根词缀记单词的方法ppt课件.ppt

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1、词汇概说,英语单词由词素构成,词素派生出词义 词根词素 前缀 词缀 后缀,词根:核心表示含义 前缀:辅助表示含义 后缀:表示词性,1、 前缀 + 词根pro- + pel - propel( 向前 ) ( 推) 推进2、 词根 + 后缀port + -able- portable (拿、带) (可的) (可携带的)3、 前缀 + 词根 + 后缀im- + mort + -al - immortal (不)(死)(的)(不死的不朽的)4、 前缀 + 前缀 + 词根re- + ex- port - reexport (再) (出) (运) (再输出),5、 词根 + 后缀 + 后缀 cord +

2、-ial + -ly - cordially (心) (的) (地) 衷心地6、 前缀 + 词根 + 词根tri- + gon(o) metry -trigonometry (三) (角) (测量) 三角学7、 前缀 + 前缀 + 词根 + 后缀 + 后缀 un- + pre + ced + - end + -ed -unprecedended(无)(先、前)(行)(表事物)(的)无先例的),前缀串讲,前缀串讲,1.表示否定意义的前缀 1)纯否定前缀:不,非a-, an- atypical=a(not非)+typical(典型的)-非典型的 atom=a(not)+tom(to cut)-不可

3、再分割的-原子dis- dislike=dis(not)+like(喜欢)-不喜欢、讨厌 dishonest=dis(not)+honest(诚实的)-不诚实的,in-, im-, il-, ir-, ig-incapable=in+capable(有能力的)-无能力的impossible=im+possible(可能的)-不可能的illegal=il+legal(合法的)-非法的irregular=ir+regular(规则的)-不规则的ignoble=ig+noble(高尚的,贵族的)-卑劣的,卑鄙的un- unable=un+able(能的)=不能的unemployment=un+emp

4、loyment(职业,就业) 失业non-nonsense=non+sense(意义)=无意义的事,胡说八道,2)表示错误的意义mis-mistake=mis+take(拿,取得)=错误,意外怀孕mislead=mis+lead(领导)=误导,3)表示相反,相互对立意思:againstanti- antibody=anti(抗)+body(身体) 抗体antiknock=anti+knock(冲撞,震动)抗震contra-, contro- , contre-, counter- controflow=contro(逆,相反)+flow(流)=逆流counteract=counter(agai

5、nst)+act(行动)-与行动相反阻碍ob-, oc-,op- ,of-oppose=op相对+pose摆放-对着放对抗with-withdraw=with+draw(取出)-收回,撤退withstand=with+ stand-stand against-抵抗;对抗,2. 表示空间位置,方向关系的前缀1)a- 表示“在之上”,“向”aboard=a+board(木板)=在船上(飞机、车) 2)by- 表示“附近,邻近,边侧”bypath=by+path(道路)-道路旁边的路-小路 3)de-, 表示“在下,向下” degrade=de+grade(等级,年级)-降级,降低地位4)en-,

6、表示“在内,进入” enbed=en+bed(床)-进入床-上床 encage=en+cage(笼子)-进入笼子-把关在笼中,禁闭5)ex-, ec-, es-, 表示“外部,外” exit= ex(往外)+it(后缀) 出口、门essay=es(往外)+say(说) 散文、随笔,6)fore- 表示“在前面” forehead=fore+head(头)=前额,额头foreman=fore+man-领班;工头7)in-, il-, im-, ir-, 表示“向内,在内,背于” inside= in-在里+side-边、侧在里面import=im(=in进入)+port-港口进口8)inter-

7、, intel-, 表示“在间,相互” international=inter+national(国家的)-国家之间的-国际的internet=inter+net(网)-网之间-互联网9)super-, sur-, 表示“在.之上”supernatural=super+natural-超自然的surpass=sur+pass(过)超过、超越,10) trans,tran,tra 穿过,跨越到另一边transform= trans(跨越)+form(形状)=跨越到另一个形状-变换,变革translate=trans+late=稍后的语言上的变化-翻译11)over-, 表示“在上面,在外部,向上

8、” overlook=over(在上面)+look(看)-在上面看-俯视、忽略、宽恕overhead, overboard12)post-, 表示“向后,在后边,次” postscript=post+script(剧本的正本)=附言、补充说明Post war post doctor ,postgraduate,13)pre-, 表示“在前”在前面” preface=pre(前)+face(脸、面)-在前面的脸封面 Preview, predict , prebuild, precast, precaution, preheat 14)pro-, 表示“往前,向前” progress=pro(往

9、前)+gress(走)-往前走前进,进步15)re-, 表示“back 回、向后” regress=re(向后)+gress(走)-向后走-退步,后退16)sub-, suc-, 表示“在下面,下” subway=sub(下面)+(way路)-地下面的路地铁Subtitle, subdicipline, submarine, subtropical17.tele=far from ,表示远telephone=tele+phone(听筒)=远方的听筒也能听见=电话television=tele+vision(视力,美景)=能在远处看的=电视,3. 表示时间,序列关系的前缀1)ex-, 表示“先,

10、故,旧” ex-husband=ex+husband(丈夫)-前夫ex-president=ex+president(总统)-前总统2)fore-, 表示“before在前面,先前,前面” foretell= fore(before)+tell(说)-在事情发生之前说-预言3)mid-, medi-, 表示“中,中间” midnight=mid+night-夜晚中间-午夜、深夜midsummer=mid+summer-夏季中间-仲夏,4)pre-, pri-, pro-表示“在前,事先,预先”preheat=pre+heat(热)-预先加热-预热prehistory=pre+history(历

11、史)-史前阶段Priority, preheat5)post-“表示“在后,后” postwar=post+war(战争)-战后的postgraduate=post+graduate(本科生)-研究生,大学毕业后的6)re-, 表示“再一次,重新again” retell=re+tell-重新说-复述rewrite=re+write-重新写-改写,4. 表示共同,相等,完全意思的前缀1)com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co- 表示“共同,一起”。 cooperate=co(一起)+operate(操作)-合作concentrate=con(一起)+centr(中心)+ate(动

12、词词缀)-一起到中心去-集中、专心Compress, company, cordinate, cowork2)syn-, syl-,sym-,表示“同,共,和,类” sympathy n.同情=sym(同,共)+pathy(feeling)-共有的感情3)al- =all,表示“完整,完全”alone, almostalone=al(all)+one-完全一个人-单独的almighty=al+mighty(强有力的)-各方面全都强有力的-全能的,5. 表示分离,离开意思的前缀1)a- ab-, abs-,表示“分离,离开” away=a+way-离开路-远处,远离apart=a+part-离开

13、其他部分-分离的2)de- 表示“离去,除去”decolour=de(除去)+color(颜色)-脱色,漂白3)dis-, di-, dif-, 表示“分离,离开” disarm=dis(分离)+arm(手臂,武器) 缴械4)for- =away from表示“离开,脱离”forget=to get away from-已远离得到的东西-忘记5)se-表示“分离,隔离”select=se+lect(to choose)=挑开,挑走-选择;挑选,6. 表示加强意思的前缀 a-arise=a(表加强)+rise(升起)-v.上升,起来ashamed=a+shamed(羞耻的)-a.耻辱的 alou

14、d=a+loud(大声的)-adv.很大声地ad-,ac-,ap-, ar-adjoin=ad(加强)+join(参加,连接)-紧密相连-毗邻adhere=ad+here-紧密的在这- 粘贴,7. 表示变换词类作用的前缀 be-=to make 动词化befriend=be+friend-使成为朋友,照顾,协助belittle=be+little-使变小-贬低,轻视befool=be+fool-使成为白痴-愚弄en-,使 动词化enslave=en+slave(奴隶)-使成为奴隶-奴役enable=en+able-使能够enrich=en+rich-使富裕,充实Endanger, enlarg

15、e, ad-, ac-, af-, ag-, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at 使,动词化adjust=ad(使)+just(正好)-使正好-调整,调节,8. 表示数量关系的前缀1)表示“单一”,“一” mon-, mono-monotone=mono(单一的)+tone(音调)-单调,无变化monopoly=mono+poly(to sell)-垄断专卖monarch=mon+arch(ruler)-帝王,君主 uni-, un-uniform=uni(单一)+form(形式)-统一的,校服,制服2)表示“二,两,双” bi-,di-bicycle=bi(两)+cycle(循环-

16、circle 圆圈)-自行车dilemma=di(二)+lemma(假设)-在两项假设之间-进退两难 twi- =two twilight 黎明,黄昏(明暗二者间的光)twice两倍, twin 双胞胎之一,twist v.缠绕(两个编在一起),3)表示“三” tri-triangle=tri+angle(角,角度)-三角形,男女三角关系tricycle 三轮车 trisection 三部分,三等分triunity=tri+unity(统一,一体)=三位一体4)表示“十” “十分之一”dec-, deca, deco-, deci-decade 十年 decimeter=deci+meter

17、分米5)表示“百” “百分之一” cent- centimeter=centi+meter-厘米 6)表示“千,千分子一” kilo- kilometer=kilo+meter 千米,公里,7)表示“许多,复,多数” multi-, mult-multiform a.各式各样的 multicolor n.8)表示“半,一半” hemi-hemisphere 半球 hemicycle 半圆demi-demigod=demi(半)+god(神)-半人半神(半仙) semi-semiofficial, semidiameter,semiconductor半导体9) per 表示“每” “一直” “完

18、全” every, throughpercent=per(每)+cent-一百里的每一个- 百分之一persist=per(through)+sist(sit 坐着)-一直坐着-持久、固执,uni-和mono-,unicornUnicycleuniform unilateralunionunilateralUniqueuniversemonogamyMonolingualMonoxidemonologuemonoplanemonomolecularmonotonous,独角兽,马戏演员骑的独轮车, 统一的制服, 单边的,联盟、一致、唯一宇宙 一夫一妻制,单语的,一氧化碳独白 单翼飞机;单分子的

19、单调的; 无变化的,bi-和di-,bilingual (a.)两种语言的; biweekly. (a; n.) 双周一次的,双周刊; bilateral (a.)双边的dioxide (n.)二氧化物; dialogue (n.)对话; dilemma (n.)进退两难,困境,tri-,tricycle三轮车, trilogy三部曲,tripod三角形, trinity三位体,quadr-,quadrangle (n.)四边形; quadruple (a.)四倍的; quadrate (n.)正方形; quadrilateral (a.)四边的 ,quadrille方阵舞,quadratic

20、巨方形的, quadruped四足动物,pent (a)-;quin-,entathlon (n.)五项运动;pentameter (n.)五音步诗行; Pentagon 五角大楼quintuplets五胞胎,quintet五重唱,,sex-,hex-,sextet (a.)六重唱,六重奏;sexcentenary (n.; a.)六百年(的);sextuple (a.)六倍的hexagon六边形hexameter六步格(诗),sept-,septennate (n.)七年的任期; septangle (n.)七角形; septuple (a.) 七倍的,oct(o)-,octopus章鱼,O

21、ctober,non-,nonagon九边形, November,deca-,,decameter (n.)十米; decagram (n.)十克; decade (n.)十年;decathlon (n.)十项全能December,后缀串讲,后缀作用增构单词。Eg: teach + er = teacher望缀生意。Eg: psychology转换词性。Eg: move + ment,一、名词后缀1-ster,-eer,-er(or)意为:从事某种职业或参与某种活动的人(person engaged in an occupation or activity) 例词:gamester,gangs

22、ter ,engineer,profiteer,mountaineer,auctioneer,driver,teacher,director,actor,professor 2-let 意为:小或者不重要的东西(small,unimportant things) 例词:booklet (小册子),leaflet,starlet3-ess 意为:女性(female) 例词:actress,poetess,hostess,paintress,4-hood 意为:时期(status;etc) 例词:boyhood,childhood,manhood5-ship 意为:才能,状态,资格,品质等(ski

23、ll,state,condition,status,quality) 例词:leadership,friendship,membership,lectureship,sportsmanship 6-ful 意为:量(the amount ) 例词:cupful,handful, mouthful,spoonful 7-tion,-ion 意为: 1)状态,行动等(state;action;etc) 例词:action,oppression,possession,education,starvation 2)机构等(institution;etc) 例词: organization,founda

24、tion,8-ment 意为:状态,行动等(state; action;etc) 例词:movement,enslavement 9-age 意为:程度,数量等(extent; amount;etc) 例词:wastage,coverage, acreage,shrinkage,breakage,hostage 10-ness;-ity(ty) 意为:状态,品质(state;quality;etc) 例词:happiness, usefulness,selfishness,kindness,rapidity,activity,changeability 11-ism 意为:道义,主义,学说等(

25、doctrine of,practice of) 例词:idealism, impressionism,socialism capitalism,二、动词后缀 1-ify 意为:转为,变为(to turn into,to make or become) 例词:beautify, diversify,simplify 2-ize;-en意为:使,变得(to make or become ;to make into) 例词:modernize,popularize,legalize,hospitalize,symbolize,widen,heighten,threaten,三、形容词后缀: 1-f

26、ul 意为:充满,有(full of;having;giving;etc) 例词:hopeful,helpful,forgetful, fearful 2-less 意为:没有,无(without;not giving)例词:speechless,childless,harmless,hopeless,meaningless 3-ly 意为:有品质的(having the qualities of) 例词:beastly(如兽的),manly, brotherly4-like意为:像的(like) 例词: childlike,statesmanlike,tigerlike5-y;-ish 意为

27、:像一般的(somewhat like) 例词:meaty,sandy, silky,hairy,leafy,watery,foolish,girlish,blackish,6-some 意为:像一样的;引起的;有品质的(like;causing; having the quality of) 例词:troublesome,burdensome,wholesome7-able(ible) 意为:能的;可以的(able to be ;capable) 例词: changeable,readable,drinkable,comfortable,expansible,convincible 8-ed

28、 意为:有的(having,etc) 例词:wooded,moneyed9-al 意为:有属性的,类型的(nature of,typical of) 例词:cultural,personal,regional,musical,10-ary(ory) 意为:属于的,与相连的(belonging to;connected with) 例词:revolutionary,imaginary, contradictory (矛盾的)11-ous 意为:富含的;有品质的;像的(full of;having the quality of;like) 例词:glorious,erroneous,malicio

29、us,gracious 12-ive 意为:有属性的;有某种倾向的(having the nature or quality of;given or tending to) 例词:attractive, talkative,restrictive,defensive,preventive,constructive,sensitive,四、副词后缀 1-ly 意为:以方式(in a.manner) 例词:happily, boldly,attentively,strangely 2-ward(s) 意为:表示方式或动作的方向(manner and direction of movement) 例

30、词:onward(s),backward(s),earthward(s),homeward(s),eastward(s) 3-wise 意为: 1)按照方式(in the manner of) 例词:crabwise(横行的) clockwise (顺时针方向的)Likewise (同样的), 2)就而言(as ar as .is concerned) 例词:weatherwise ,educationwise,词汇,英语二考试基本词类 10类名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词、冠词、数词与感叹词,名词,1. 可数与不可数2. 可数名词变复数的规则(1)直接+s bookbooks 2

31、以s sh ch x,ss结尾的加es busbuses 3.以辅音字母+y结尾的将y变i 加es countrycountries 4. 以元音字母+y结尾的 只加s key-keysBoy-boys, donkey-donkeysGuy-guys,5.有一些名词的不规则变化就要特殊记忆了象footfeet toothteeth childchildren goose- geese Ox- oxen, mouse mice6.以f,fe结尾的名词变f,fe为v再加es (13个词) Wolf,shelf, half, loaf,calf,sheaf(捆)leaf,wife,self,knif

32、e,life,elf(小鬼)thief Scarf, wharf,staff(旗杆,柄)Handkerchief, hoof +s 或者ves其他的以f,fe +s,7.以辅音字母加o结尾的名词一般加esHero Negro,tomato potato, torpedo(鱼雷) Echo (回声)8. 单复数形式不变的:Sheep, deer, fish, means, Chinese ,Japanese, aircrafts, works, 9 . man+n, woman +nGentleman lawyergentlemen ,lawyers 10. boy+n, girl +n ,la

33、dy +n11. sister-in-law-sisters-in-law brother-in-law-brothers-in-law,looker-on -lookers- on Editor-in- chief 12. grown- up make-up,Exercises:1. The old lady hired three (男仆)2. He climbed this (三百米的高峰mountain on foot. (徒步),men-servants,300-foot-high,代词,人称代词, 不定代词:用法见一览表,动词,一、 主谓一致二、 时态三、语态四、语气,1. In

34、our country each boy and each girl _ the right to receive education.A. is B. are C. has D. have,C,考查主谓一致,2.The father as well as his four children (stand) _at the gate to welcome us.sbA as well as sbB 做主语时谓语要和第一个主语保持一致.,stands,主谓一致一般有三条原则:(1) 语法一致原则(2) 意义一致原则(3) 就近原则,意义一致原则,1. 主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数谓语动词用复数

35、. E.g: The crowd were running for their lives. 2.主语形式为复数,但意义为单数谓语动词用单数. E.g: Physics is my favorite course.,就近原则,For example:1. Either your students or Mr. Wang knows him. 2. There is a desk and two chairs in the room.,主谓一致应注意的问题,1 有些集体名词,如: class, family, team, club, audience, company , crew, enemy

36、, crowd, government, group, party, public.等做主语时, 看作整体,谓语用单数,看作每一个成员,用复数.E.g: His family is a big one, and the whole family love sport.,2 名词family, police, cattle poultry等作主语时,谓语动词用复数。E.g: The police are searching for the lost children.3 the +形容词/过去分词, 表示一类人或物,作主语,谓语也用复数。E.g: The rich are not always

37、happy.,4 主语的中心词是表示金钱, 时间, 距离, 长度, 书名等复数名词时, 一般看作一个整体,谓语用单数。E.g: Five hundred years is not so long for me.E.g: Ten minutes seems an hour when one is waiting for a call.,5 分数或百分数+名词构成的短语, 及 a lot of ,lots of , plenty of , a large quantity of, part of 等作主语时,谓语动词与后面名词的数保持一致。E.g: 60% of the students in t

38、he school are male.E.g: 3/4of the surface of the earth is sea.,6 all, 不定代词如果指人,作主语谓语用复数,如果指物,作主语.谓语用单数。E.g: All are here. All is over.7 分词短语或动名词短语做主语,谓语也用单数.,1. When and where to build the new factory not decided yet.A. are B. were C has D. is2. Everybody, men and women, old and young, (enjoy) sport

39、s and games.3. Two years (have) been spent in learning English.,D,enjoys,has,8. 以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题,1)有些疾病的名称带有-s词尾,通常作单数用The measles(or mumps,rickets,smallpox,shingles)is a disease very common in this villa2)表示游戏名称的名词通常作单数用Billiards(桌球)fives (手球)Dominos(多米诺牌),Draughts(跳棋)is my favorite gam但:Cards ar

40、e not interesting to me,8.以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题,3)有些学科的名称,虽以-s(或-ics)结尾,却都作单数;但若这类名词表示学科以外的其它意义,如:表示具体实践活动,性能,现象等则是复数名词,动词用复数。My mathematics seems to be difficulty to him.His politics are very radical他的政治观点很激进。The economics of this country are stableSuch tactics are ridiculous这种战术很可笑。,8. 以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓

41、一致问题,4)某些以-s结尾的地理名称,如果是国名,尽管带有复数词尾,但系一政治实体,做单数用;如:The United States5)但如不是国名,而是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称,通常作复数用。The Philippines lie to the southeast of China 非律宾群岛位于中国东南方。,9.以并列结构作主语的主谓一致,1) 由and/bothand连接的并列结构作主语时,谓动一般用复数。 如果意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一概念时,谓动要用单数。,Eg . The singer and writer is famous to everyone.A pen a

42、nd book is what I need.A needle(针)and thread(线)was found on the floor.,Other Examples,War and peace 战争与和平 ham and eggs火腿蛋 egg and rice 蛋炒饭 law and order 治安bread and butter奶油面包 folk and knife wheel and axle 轮轴 needle and thread一套针线love and hate loveandaffection感情 acupandsaucer一套碟子茶杯 aimandend目的,truth

43、andhonesty真诚 capacityandefficiency效能 ignoranceandnegligence玩忽无知 trialanderror试验摸索 timeandtide岁月 ironandsteel钢铁 thewearandtear磨损;消耗,当eachand each,everyand every,noand no,many aand many a.等结构做主语,谓语动词用单数形式。,9. 以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题, No man and no animal is to be found on the moon. 在月球上没有发现人和动物。 Many a doctor

44、 and many a nurse is busy with their work. 许多医生和护士都在忙于他们的工作。,由not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor,or等连接的并列主语,谓动通常依据就近原则。,当主语后面跟有由as much as, rather than, more than, no less than等引导的从属结构时,随后的动词形式依据主语本身的单、复数形式而定。,当主语由 as well as, along with, together with, rather than, no less than, but, except, in

45、 addition to, like, including, besides等词连接时,其谓动的单复数形式通常由这些词语前的名词来决定。, An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, is to be built here. The professor, together with many of his students, is entering the meeting hall.,一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰,表示两个不同的概念时,谓动应用复数。 Ancient(古代)and modern history are

46、 the subjects we are studying.但如果表示的是同一概念时,谓动应用单数The last and most difficult lesson is lesson14.The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A. isB. was C. are D. were答案B.,10、不定代词做主语时的主谓一致,1)不定代词 each, another, the other, either, neither 和由some, any, no, every + one/thing

47、/body 所构成的复合代词做主语时,谓动用单数形式。, Neither of us has gone through regular training. Nobody wants to go there. Something has been done to end the strike.,2) none of + 不可数名词谓语动词用单数形式;none of + 可数名词谓语动词单复均可,none 单独用,代表不可数名词,用单数;代表复数时,可单可复。,3) all 做主语表示人时,谓动用复数;若表物,谓动则用单数。, All is well that ends well. All are

48、 eager to reach an agreement.,11. 表示“全体”、“部分”等意义的词做主语时的主谓一致(补充),1)当主语是 most, the rest, the last, the remainder 等时,谓动应依据of后宾语的单复数而定。,Three of us will go, the rest are to stay here. After the big fire, the remainder is nothing.,2 ) 当town, school, village等分别表示总称的“镇民”、“全体师生”、“村民”时,谓动用单复数均可。有时其前可用the或the

49、 whole修饰。,The whole school were/was sorry when she left.The whole town is/are in agreement about the plan.,“the+形容词/过去分词做主语的主谓一致,“the+形容词/过去分词”表示一类人或事物时,谓动用复数;若指某一抽象概念或个别人、事,则用单数。,The sick here are very well cared for.The true is to be told from the false.,the number of做主语时,谓动用单数;a number of做主语时,谓动用

50、复数。,The number of mistakes is surprising.A number of books are missing from the library.,1) 以who, why, how, whether或that引导的从句做主语时,谓动用单数。,Why she did this is not known.,11. 名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致,2) and连接的两个名词性从句做主语,如表示两件事情,则谓动用复数。,12.非限定分句作主语的主谓一致问题,1)动词不定式、-ing分词形式做主语,谓动用单数。 To learn English well is diffic

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