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1、Morphology & Syntax,Amanda,词法和句法,语言(language),语音(phonetics)词汇(vocabulary)语法(grammar),词法(morphology)句法(syntax),一套完整的语言规则(linguistic rule),1.词类(Parts of Speech),词法(Morphology),实义词(notional words)：具有一定的词汇意义，在句中可独立担任成分，如主语、定语、状语等；属于开放型(open system)，即量大且不断增加。,结构词(structural words)：又称功能词，主要起结构和功能作用，表示词与词或
2、句子各部分之间的关系，或帮助构成各种时态、语态和语气等结构，如冠词、介词、连词、感叹词；属于封闭型(closed system)，即词量是有限的。,2.词形变化,1.句子成分(Members of Sentence),句法(Syntax),1）主语(Subject): 表示句子所要描述的对象是“谁”或“什么”，是谓语的陈述对象，通常由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化形容词、分词、从句、短语来担任。e.g. The sun rises from the east.2）谓语(Predicate): 表示主语的动作或所处的状态，由动词担任。由一个部分独立充当的谓语称为简单谓语;由两个或更多的
3、部分构成的谓语被称为复合谓语.e.g. They study hard. （简单） Tom can swim. （复合） John has arrived here. （复合）,3）宾语(Object): 表示动作施加的对象或内容，或用于介词后与介词一起构成介词短语。通常由名词、代词或与之相当的结构担任。 e.g. She has been learning phonetics recently. We all like him. 4）定语(Attribute): 修饰名词，通常由形容词或与之相当的结构担任。 e.g. This is a difficult problem. I have s
4、omething important to tell you.5）状语(Adverbial): 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词或与之相当的结构担任。 e.g. John runs fast. The boy is very careful with his work.6）表语(Predicative): 说明主语的性质、特征、状态、名称或身份等，通常由名词、代词、形容词或与之相当的结构担任.表语一般与系动词构成复合谓语，放在系动词后。 e.g. My uncle is a writer. The picture looks beautiful.,7）补语(Complement):
5、 补充说明宾语或主语，说明其名词、特征、状态或所做动作等。通常由动词、名词、形容词或其它相当的结构担任。补语不可省略。 补充说明宾语的成分被称为宾语补语(Object Complement), 宾补和宾语一起构成复合宾语(Complex Object); 补充说明主语的成分被称为主语补语(Subject Complement), 主补通常只出现在被动语态的句中。 e.g. The teacher asked the students to study hard.（动词不定式作宾补） They all consider this task important.(形容词作宾补） The stude
6、nts were asked by the teacher to study hard. (动词不定式作主补） This task is considered important.（形容词作主补）8）同位语(Appositive): 对主语、宾语、表语等名词性成分进行解释，说明其内容。通常由名词、代词、数词或与之相当的词充当。同位语可省略。 e.g. Johns uncle is a teacher, a physics teacher. （与表语同位） Mary, the second, got to her feet and went away. (与主语同位) The thing its
7、elf is not significant. （与主语同位),2. 简单句的五种基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns),英语中，除了there be句型外，任何一个简单句必然属于以下句型的一种：1）主 + 谓 (SV) e.g. She smiles.2）主 + 谓 + 宾 (SVO) e.g. Edison invented electric lamp.3）主 + 系 + 表 (SVP) e.g. He is an artist.4）主 + 谓 + 宾 + 补 (SVOC) e.g. Many American citizens elected Obama as pre
8、sident.5）主 + 谓 + 宾（间接） + 宾 （直接）(SVOiOd) e.g. My teacher gave us some books.Note: Oi=Indirect Object Od=Direct Object,双宾语,“V + 双宾语”结构为: V + sb.(间宾) + sth.(直宾) V + sth. (直宾) + for/to + sb. (间宾)以下词可接双宾语： buy, make(制作), find, book(预定), show, leave(留下), send, give, lend, borrow, bring, tell, write, teach
9、, envy, pass(传递), offer, return, pay, wish, take, promise, fetch(去取), do, get, order(订购) e.g. do me a favor 帮我一个忙 = do a favor for me promise Jim a bicycle 答应给吉姆一辆自行车 = promise a bicycle to Jim book her a ticket 给她订一张票 = book a ticket for her teach John English 教约翰英语 = teach English to John leave hi
10、m enough food 给他留足够的食物 = leave enough food to him show us her wedding ring 向我们展示她的婚戒 = show her wedding ring to us wish you a Merry Christmas 祝你圣诞快乐 envy him his knowledge 羡慕他的学问,3. 句子的种类(Classification of Sentences),1. 就结构而言，可分为三种：简单句、并列句、主从句。 1）简单句(Simple Sentence): 只包含一个主谓结构的句子。 e.g. The man knoc
11、ked at the door. 2）并列句(Coordinated Sentence): 包含两个或更多完整的主谓结构的句子。每一个主谓结构都构成一个相对独立的分句(clause), 分句间用并列连词(Coordinate Conjunction)连接， 如：and, but, or等，也可用分号 “;” 连接。 注意英语中一般不可以用逗号 “,”连接两个并列分句。 e.g. The man knocked at the door but no one answered。3）主从句(Complex Sentence): 包含一个主句(Main Clause)和一个或几个从句(Sub-clau
12、se)。从句一般由从属连词(Subordinate Conjunction)引出。 e.g. As soon as he arrived at the house, the man knocked at the door.,2. 就用途而言,可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四种。1）陈述句(statement): 陈述一件事、一种现象或一种看法。 e.g. The earth turns around the Sun. This morning he got up late. 2）疑问句(question): 询问或怀疑某种情况 a. 一般疑问句(general question): ye
13、s or no question. e.g. Do you like this picture? (Yes, . /No, .) b. 特殊疑问句(special question): wh-questions. e.g. Who is that gentleman? / How did you make it? c. 选择疑问句(alternative question) e.g. Would you like to have tea or coffee? d. 反义疑问句(tag question) e.g. Nobody went to the cinema, did they? The
14、re is something wrong with the computer, isnt there? Im six years older than you, arent I?,3）祈使句(imperative): 提出请求或发出命令 e.g. Sit down, please. Dont be noisy.4）感叹句(exclamation): 常由what/how引导。 e.g. what a beautiful flower it is ! How beautiful the flower is!,4. 词组(Phrases) 也称短语，是两个或更多的词在一起连用、意义上相对完整但不
15、能独立成句的语言单位。1）名词词组（Noun Phrase） The books on the shelf belong to Professor Wang.2）动词词组（Verb Phrase） They put forward a suggestion.3）形容词词组（Adjective Phrase） He is good at painting plants and birds.4）副词词组（Adverbial Phrase） A few days later, they found the lost bicycle.5）介词词组（Prepositional Phrase） There
16、 is a village at the foot of the mountain.6）不定式词组（Infinitive Phrase） She will teach me to sing the song.7）动名词词组（Gerundial Phrase） I always enjoy going to concerts.8）分词词组（Participle Phrase） Hearing the good news, she jumped with joy.,5. 书写的注意事项1.首字母大写, 其后内容一般不大写。误: there are five people in my family.
17、误：Since everyone is here, Lets begin the meeting.误：As is known to all, The Green campus is because more and more important.误：Nowaday, How to creating a Green campus is a hot topic.误：So Parents Help children to be independent is a important task。误：Parents should teach their children to do some thing,
18、 But not do everything for their children. And Then Parents .,2. 标点符号： 结尾必须有符号。1）英语的句号不同于汉语，是一个小圆点“.” 。误：She is never late for school。误：So Parents Help children to be independent is a important task。2）并列句直接需用连词连接，如and/but等; 如不用连接词，可用分号 “；”或直接另起一句。误：Tom dropped the vase, it was broken.正：Tom dropped t
19、he vase and it was broken.正：Tom dropped the vase. It was broken.误：School is the place where we learn knowledge, a good environment for our study state has a great help, therefore, building a green campus is very important.,3）英语中没有顿号“、”， 在英语中用逗号 “,”代替。误： I bought some ink、writing paper、envelopes and stamps.正： I bought some ink, writing paper, envelopes and stamps.,Thank You !,
