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1、,英语语法包括词法和句法词法:名词（noun）、动词(verb)、形容词(adjective)、冠词(article)、数词(numeral)、介词(preposition)、代词(pronoun)、连词(conjunction)、副词(adverb)等词类的用法句法：一般规则的用法和特殊规则的用法,英语语法的构成,英语语法构成示意图,简单的简单句六个最基本句型,以及其中包含的六种句子成分(主谓宾系表补)。SV(主谓)SVO(主谓宾)SVP(主系表)SVOOC(主谓宾宾补)SVIODO(主谓双宾语)There be + O (There be),复杂的简单句在六大句型基础上加三大修饰成分(定语
2、、状语、同位语)后句子变得更加复杂了,但仍属于简单句(即句号前只有一个主谓结构)。如： I left the beautiful city Beijing yesterday. 主 谓 定 宾 同位 状,非简单句当一个句号前出现两个、甚至更多个主谓结构时,简单句就变成了并列句或复合句。并列句（并列连词连接）复合句（从句引导词引导）,目录,（一）语气（虚拟语气）（二）情态动词（三）形容词、副词及比较级、最高级（四）代词及其指代一致 （五）主谓一致（六）倒装结构（七）省略问题（八）否定句及其惯常用法（九）独立主格结构（十）名词性从句,英语中有三种语气：祈使语气（Imperative mood）直陈
3、语气（Indicative mood）虚拟语气（Subjunctive mood）,Please sit down!I am a teacher./I am not a teacher./Are you a teacher?If I were you, I would do better.,Mood,If he had driven (drive) more carefully, he would not have had (have) the car accident yesterday.,虚拟语气的考点归纳如下：(should)+动词原形的情形wish, if only, it is ti
4、me的用法if或but for等引导的条件句,Summary,1.1 虚拟语气的类别,从虚拟语气的形式和内容两方面着眼，可将其分为三大类：be型虚拟语气Were型虚拟语气条件虚拟语气,1.2 be型虚拟语气,Be型虚拟语气指在任何情况下，不分时态、人称，句子谓语动词统统使用原形动词的虚拟形式，be型虚拟语气主要有两种用途,1）用于含有命令、建议、要求等意义的结构中含有上述意义的动词后的宾语从句含有上述意义的名词后的同位语从句或表语从句含有上述意义的某些It is +过去分词+that 或it is +形容词+that 的结构中 在英国英语中，这一类的虚拟语气也可以用should+原形动词的形式
5、,The teacher insisted that we be in his office at 5 oclock.老师坚持让我们五点钟到他的办公室去。The general ordered that his troops retreat from the frontline.将军命令部队从前线撤退。,All I request of you is that you be punctual.我只要你准时到。 It is essential that the new technique be introduced.引进新工艺很重要。It is imperative that you prese
6、nt yourself at the meeting.你务必亲自出席会议。,Instructions are issued that the war prisoners be released.释放所有战犯的命令已经下达。It is the committees decision that the meeting be put off until next Friday.委员会决定会议延至下星期五举行。,常与be型虚拟语气连用的动词主要有：advise,agree,decide,demand,insist,move,order,prefer, propose, request,require,
7、suggest等名词主要有：decision,advice.demand,instruction,order,insistence, proposal, requirement,resolution,suggestion等形容词主要有：advisable,desirable,appropriate,essential,fitting, important,imperative,impossible,necessary,obligatory,proper,vital,urgent等,用于表示祝愿、诅咒、假定、让步、担忧等含义的结构和一些固定用法中。这些虚拟语气多由某些特定的连接词引导，它们多为古
8、英语虚拟语气的残余，现仅限于正式场合使用，一般可为直陈语气所取代。,如：If that be the case, we have to give up our original plan. 倘若情况果真如此，我们将不得不放弃原定计划。Whatever be your reason, you have no right to be rude to your elders. 无论你有什么理由，你都无权对长辈们粗鲁无礼。,They evacuated the building lest the wall collapse.他们撤出了大楼，以防墙壁倒塌。Though he slay me, will
9、I trust in him?即使他要杀我，我也要信赖他吗？Long live our motherland！祖国万岁！,God save his soul.上帝保佑他的灵魂得到安息。Far be it from me to accept his advice blindly.我决不会盲目接受他的意见。Home is home, be it ever so homely.家纵简陋，总归是家。We can always lend you a helping hand if need be.倘有必要，我们随时可以援一引手。,1.3 were型虚拟语气,Were 型虚拟语气主要指be动词在某些表示与
10、事实相反的语境里使用固定的were形式其他动词在类似的语境里使用过去时或过去完成体形式的虚拟语气。,Were型虚拟语气主要用于表示与事实相反的愿望、假设、印象、看法等意义的结构中Wish一类动词后的宾语从句If only, as if, would rather/sooner, it is time 等短语后边的句子，如与现在情况相反，虚拟语气用动词的过去时（be动词用were）, 与过去情况相反，则用过去完成体形式,We earnestly wish he were here with us sharing our happiness.我真希望他此刻正与我们在一起分享我们的快乐。I do w
11、ish the frightful calamity had not befallen us.我真希望那场可怕的灾难没有降临到我们头上。,If only his advice had been acted upon.当时要是采纳了他的意见该有多好。How dare you come in as if you owned the place?你怎么敢象是这地方的主人似的随意进来？I would rather we had dinner now.我倒愿意现在就吃饭。,I would sooner he stayed at home.我倒宁愿他现在呆在家里。It is high time you t
12、urned over a new leaf.现在该是你改过自新重新做人的时候了。,1.4 条件虚拟语气,从总体上说，条件虚拟语气基本上可理解为是在直陈语气的基础上将时间点朝过去的方向推移了一步。条件虚拟语气中与各时间情况相反的虚拟动词形式如下表：,1. 4.1与各时间基准相反条件虚拟语气例示注意虚拟句中隐含的真实情况和作者、说话人的情感、意愿意义，如：If his suggestions had been acted upon, circumstances would have been entirely different.倘若早将他的建议付诸实施，情况早就完全不同了。,If it hadn
13、t rained so heavily I would surely have come to your meeting on Friday afternoon.倘若不是天下大雨，我肯定会来出席你们星期五下午召开的会议。If he knew you are here, he would certainly come to see you .如果他知道你在这里，他肯定会来看你。,If she dyed her hair a little darker, she would look much younger.如果她把头发染一点，她看起来会显得年轻很多。If the sun should rise
14、 in the west, I would not change my mind.就是太阳从西边出来，我也不会改变主意。,1. 4.2省略if的条件虚拟语气条件虚拟语气的条件从句中如有助动词、动词be或动词have时，可以将if省略，将以上这些词与主语位置倒置，这些用法往往见于比较正式的语体中，如：,Were it not for the heavy fog, the plane would have taken off on schedule.要不是因为浓雾弥漫，飞机就会按预定时间起飞。Were he allowed to exercise a choice, which would he
15、choose of the three?倘若让他们使选择权，三者之中他将挑选哪一个？,Should there be a misfortune, how could its loss be lightened?如果发生不幸，怎样才能减轻损失？Had I known of your difficulties I would have helped you .要是我当时知道你的窘境，我就会帮你了。,1. 4.3 错综条件虚拟语气有时条件从句对应的时间基准与结果主句对应的时间基准可能会出现错位，如从句表示与过去事实相反的意义，主句表示与现在情况相反等，这时应该针对情况对动词形式予以调整，如：,If
16、it had not been for the prolonged drought in May ,we should reap a bumper harvest this year.要不是五月那场持续的干旱，我们今年可能夺得大丰收。（条件从句与过去事实相反，主句与将来可能情况相反）,Had he not turned a deaf ear to my warning, he would not be in such a difficult situation.倘若他对我的告诫不置若罔闻的话，他就不会陷入目前的困境了。（条件从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在情况相反）,Had he enough
17、courage he would certainly take your challenge.假如他有足够的勇气，他肯定会勇敢地接受你的挑战。（条件从句与现在事实相反，主句与将来情况相反）,Had you worked a bit harder, you would not have to be so extremely worried about the coming examination now.如果你过去学习用功一点，现在也不必象这样为即将来临的考试忧心如焚了。（条件从句与过去事实相反，结果主句与现在情况相反）,1. 4.4 含蓄条件虚拟语气有时条件虚拟语气的条件不是由从句表达的，而是
18、由介词词组或上下文等表达的，这样的虚拟语气称为含蓄条件虚拟语气，如：,We could not have achieved such brilliant achievement in the war without the selfless support from the allied forces.要不是盟军的无私援助，我们不可能取得如此辉煌的成绩。,The plan would have turned out to be quite effective under other circumstances.换个环境，该计划完全可能非常有效。,He would have got much h
19、igher scores in the final examination, but he was so lazy.他本来在期末考试中得分会高得多的，只是他太懒惰了。,It was snowing heavily or we could have got there on time.那天正值天降大雪，不然我们本来可以按时到达的。With more capital, I would have succeeded.假如有更多的资本，我可能会取得成功。The same thing, happening in a crowded place, would have brought a great di
20、saster.假如相同的事件发生在人群拥挤的地方，一定会引起一场大灾难。,But for the doctors skill, he would have died.要不是医生医术高明，他早就死了。Five minutes earlier, and we could have caught the last train.如果早到五分钟，我们就可以赶上一班火车了。To hear him speak English, youd take him for an American.假如你听他说英语，你会以为他是美国人。,Exercise One,1. If the earth suddenly _ s
21、pinning, we would all fly off it.（1990 年6月四级题） A. stopped B. had stopped C. has stopped D. would stop,2. “How should the city be run?” “If I _ a mayor, I would make the streets cleaner and hire more policemen.”（托福题） A. would B. were C. would be D. should,3. If the whole operation _ beforehand, a gre
22、at deal of time and money would have been lost.（1999年6月四级题） A. was not planned B. has not been planned C. had not been planned D. were not planned,4. Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _ a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.（1996年1月四级题） A.
23、has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got,5. If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _ now.（1999年1月四级题） A. wouldnt be smiling B. couldnt have smiled C. wont smile D. didnt smile,6. I apologize if I _ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.（1998年考研题） A. offe
24、nd B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended,7. It is of the utmost importance that you _ here on time.（1995年6月六级题） A. be B. shall be C. are to be D. must be,8. It is recommended that the project _ until all the preparations have been made.(1995年6月四级题) A. is not started B. will
25、not be started C. not be started D. is not to be started,9. Who would you rather his daughter _ in the same office.（2002年6月四级题） A. going B. to go C. have gone D. went,10. Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,_ they Christina, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.（2001考研题） A
26、. be B. being C. were D. are,用于表示祝愿、诅咒、假定、让步、担忧等含义的结构和一些固定用法中。这些虚拟语气多由某些特定的连接词引导，它们多为古英语虚拟语气的残余，现仅限于正式场合使用，一般可为直陈语气所取代。,如：If that be the case, we have to give up our original plan. 倘若情况果真如此，我们将不得不放弃原定计划。Whatever be your reason, you have no right to be rude to your elders. 无论你有什么理由，你都无权对长辈们粗鲁无礼。,They
27、 evacuated the building lest the wall collapse.他们撤出了大楼，以防墙壁倒塌。Though he slay me, will I trust in him?即使他要杀我，我也要信赖他吗？Long live our motherland！祖国万岁！,God save his soul.上帝保佑他的灵魂得到安息。Far be it from me to accept his advice blindly.我决不会盲目接受他的意见。Home is home, be it ever so homely.家纵简陋，总归是家。We can always lend you a helping hand if need be.倘有必要，我们随时可以援一引手。,
