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1、虚拟语气Subjunctive,语气,英语的动词一般可带有三种不同的语气：陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。,语气,陈述语气(The Indicative Mood)用来陈述一个事实，或提出一个看法，有肯定，否定，疑问或感叹等形式。People get AIDS after having been infected with HIV.Her mother did not know that she had AIDS until after Xiaohua was born.How should we act towards people who have AIDS?What a brave gir
2、l!,关于陈述语气 1,关于陈述语气 2,语气,祈使语气(The Imperative Mood)用来表示请求，邀请，命令，警告或劝告等。Let me do it.Please keep quiet in the reading room.,关于祁使语气 1,关于祁使语气 2,关于祁使语气 3,关于祁使语气 4,虚拟语气,1) 虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等 (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。,虚拟语气的概念,虚拟语气,条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件
3、句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。,虚拟语气在 在条件从句中,1 真实条件句真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。,时态关系句型： 条件从句 主句 一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形If he comes, he will bring his violin.,The volleyball match will be put off if it _. A.will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained,答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。,注意：1
4、） 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will. (错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. (对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.2） 表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。,虚拟语气,一、在条件从句中 (叫虚拟条件句)，表示与事实相反的条件。分三种情况(以 do 为例)：,虚拟语气在 在条件从句中,虚拟语气,例句If you had come a few minute
5、s earlier, you would have met him. 要是你早来几分钟的话，你就能见到他了。(与过去事实相反)2. If it were(were to be/should be) sunny tomorrow, I would come to see you. 明天要是天气好的话，我来看你。(与将来事实可能相反)3. If I were you, I would go now. 假如我是你的话，我现在就走。(与现在事实相反，事实上我不可能是你),虚拟语气在 在条件从句中,注意： 在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was， 即在从句中be用were代替。
6、,If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。,If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。,典型例题_ to do the work, I should do it some other day.A. If were IB. I wereC. Were ID. Was I,虚拟语气,二、省略 if 的条件从句当从句中有 were, had 或 should 时，可省略if ，而把它们放在句首。If I were to meet him tomorr
7、ow, I should ask him about it. Were I to meet him tomorrow,If he should fail in the experiment this time, he would try again. Should he fail in the experiment If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.,虚拟语气在 在条件从句中,Had you come a few.,但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说
8、Were I not to do., 而不能说 Werent I to do.,虚拟语气,三、错综时间的条件句（交叉虚拟） 即从句与主句的动作发生的时间不同。此时，需要按时间来确定虚拟形式。如：If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now. 如果他们以前努力学习的话，现在干的就会容易些。 If he had not taken my advice, he wouldnt do it much better like this. 如果他不听取我的建议，他就不会干得这样好。,虚拟语气在复合句中的应用：,虚拟语气,1、记住：这些动词后面接
9、的宾语从句：表示愿望( wish), 建议(suggest, advice, propose, recommend) ，要求(demand, request, require, insist), 命令(order, command)等。2、除wish外，其它动词用should + do 构成, should 可以省略。3、 wish接宾语从句有三种情况： 1) 现在：用过去式 2) 过去：用过去完成式 (had done) 或 could/would have done 3) 将来：用情态动词(would / could) + do,虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中,虚拟语气,例句1. I wish
10、she would be on my side. 我希望她能站在我一边。 2. I wish I were 30 years younger. 我但愿自己能年轻三十岁。3. I wish (that) you would get a good job. 我希望你能找到一个好职业。4. He wished he hadnt done it. 他想要是他没这样做该多好。5. He ordered that the students(should)wash the clothes every week by themselves. 他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。,虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中,虚拟语气,
11、4、记住：insist / suggest 各有两种意思，要用不同的语气Insist 表示“坚决要求”时，用虚拟形式，即 should + do;Insist 表示“坚称，坚持说”时，用陈述语气，表示事实。Suggest 表示“建议”时，用虚拟形式。Suggest 表示“表明、暗示”时，用陈述语气。例句The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。 He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any me
12、ans. 他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。 He insisted that he was right.,虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中,虚拟语气,在would rather(宁愿) would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer引导的宾语从句中当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词要用一般过去时;表示过去时间时,谓语动词要用过去完成时。I would rather he/you came tomorrow than today.,虚拟语气在：在宾语从句中,注：若某人愿自己做某事，would r
13、ather后用动词原形I would rather stay at home todaywould ratherthan中用动词原形I would rather stay at home than go out today,“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念
14、书，但她说她喜欢留在中国。,在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。,虚拟语气,主句的主语常是表示说话人愿望(wish / desire)、建议(suggestion / advice) 要求(requirement / demand)、命令(order, command)等的名词，表语从句的谓语动词
15、用 (should) + do.Our suggestion is that you (should) be there on time.,虚拟语气在 在表语从句中,虚拟语气,同位语从句的先行词常是表示说话人愿望、建议、要求、命令等的名词。The suggestion that students (should) learn something practical is worth considering.Do you know the order that you (should) keep watch？,虚拟语气在 在同位语从句中,虚拟语气,在句型 “It is important (ne
16、cessary, strange, natural) that . ” 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形 例句Its necessary that we should have a walk now. 我们有必要出去散散步。 Its natural that she should do so. 她这样做是很自然的。Its important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。,虚拟语气在 在主语从句中,* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),ad
17、visable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (极好的)advisable（合理的），compulsory（必须的），crucial（紧急的），desirable（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），incredible（惊人的），
18、necessary（必要的），possible（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（紧迫的）。常用的过去分词(Past Participle):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)* suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)* ordered (命令),(1) 虚拟语气在让步状语从句中的用法 由连接词whether, if, even if/though, whatever, so ong as 引导的状语从句，其谓语可用虚拟语气，即其谓语用动词原形。如：Whethe
19、r the figures be accurate or not, they have to be rechecked.不管那些数字准确与否，都得重新核对。The earth is powerful magnet and all magnets behave the same whether they be large or small.地球是一个强大的磁体，而所有的磁体无论大小其作用都是一样的。They have decided to build a reservoir, whatever the difficulties may be.他们决心建造一座水库，不管有多少困难。,虚拟语气在 在
20、主语从句中,I wont let you in whoever you may be. 无论你是谁我都不让进去。However hard the task may be, we must fulfill it on time. 不管任务多么艰巨，我们必须按时完成。If the defendant be found guilty, he shall have the right of appeal.即使被告被判有罪，他有权上诉。 倒装的让步状语从句中的虚拟语气。如：Come what may，we will go ahead.不管怎样，我们一定要前进。,(2) 虚拟语气在方式状语从句中的用法在a
21、s if /though从句中，常用虚拟形式，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式 (had done).You speak as if you had really been there.你说的好像你真的去过那里。Light often behaves as though it were made of particles.光的性状，常常有点儿像由粒子组成的。He spoke to me as if I were deaf.他跟我说话时就好像我是聋子似的。,(3) 虚拟语气在目的状语从句中的用法以lest, for fear that 和in case 引出的状语从句（
22、谓语多用should加动词原形构成）。如：Batteries should be kept in dry places lest electricity should leak away.电池应放在干燥的地方，以免漏电。He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged.他小心地弄那仪器，生怕把它弄坏。Ill keep a seat for you in case you should change your mind.我给你留一个位子，说不定你会改变主意。,不接虚拟语气的用法，表示可能或真 实的情形。
23、1. It looks as if I am going to be busy. 2. It looks as though it is going to rain.,虚拟语气,1. if only 意为：若是.那该多好啊; 真希望.; 只要, 只要.就好 表示现在的情况,应用过去式; 如果是过去的情况,应用过去完成时态 If only I had arrived in time!If only she didnt drive so fast.2. Its (high/right) time that that 从句要用虚拟语气：谓语用过去时或should + do Its time that
24、 you left/should leave here.,虚拟语气中的几个特例,虚拟语气,3.虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的用法 一些介词短语, 如:but for(要不是), without, otherwise(否则), 等表示含蓄的条件,这时主句要用虚拟语气 Without your help, we would not have made such rapid progress. But for my brothers help, I would not have finished it on time. I had to do something more important,otherw
25、ise I might have helped.,虚拟语气中的几个特例,It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately. 不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障（暗含条件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately）Alone, she would have been terrified.,4. wish/if only,现在：过去：未来：,did（were）,had done,would do,I wish I were a bird.（现在）I wish I hadn
26、t made such a mistake.（过去）We wish our parents wouldnt punish us. (将来),虚拟语气,虚拟语气中的几个特例,5. would rather that,现在：过去：未来：,I would rather you paid me now.,I would rather you had gone, too.,Dont come. I would rather you came tomorrow.,did,did,had done,虚拟语气中的几个特例,6.不用if引导的非真实条件句条件句 非真实条件句的条件从句除用if引导外，还可用unl
27、ess, lest, as if, for fear, in case, on condition that等词语来引导。如：Steel parts were usually covered with grease lest they should rust.钢部件通常涂有油脂以免生锈。Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at work.除非我好了，否则我不会去上班。,虚拟语气中的几个特例,The electric current flows through a conductor as if it were a fluid.电流好像液体般地流过导体。He han
28、dled the instrument with care for fear (that) it should be damaged.他小心地摆弄那仪器，生怕把它弄坏。Take some more money with you in case you should need it. 多带点儿钱以备急用。He can use the car on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天车能还回来，他就可以把车借去。Suppose you were given a chance to get the job, would you acce
29、pt?假如你有机会得到那份工作，你会接受吗？但要注意：与if一样，上述词语所引导的条件从句也可用直陈语气，表可能实现或发生的事。,虚拟语气,7. 某些简单句的固定句型： Heaven help him! God bless you! May you succeed! Long live the Peoples Republic of China!,虚拟语气中的几个特例,虚拟语气,1、表示说话人的要求、建议、命令时，常用(should) do表示虚拟形式, 主要用于名词性从句中。2、其它情况常用两种形式：表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；表示与过去事实相反用过去完成式。,简单的归纳,虚拟语气,Ala
30、n _ the party if he had gone to London. A. would have missed B. had missed C. would miss D. missed2.It was the drug，not the disease，that killed the boy. He would be still alive today if he _ that drug.A.not take B.shouldnt have takenC.didnt take D.hadnt taken,Exercises,虚拟语气,3. If only I _ to my pare
31、nts! (But I didnt.) A. listened B. had listened C. should listen D. would listen4. Tom suggested that Ann _ the house. A. sell B. sold C. shall sell D. would sell5. I wish this bus _ to the university. A. go B. went C. has gone D. had gone,虚拟语气,6. Simon looks as though he never _ a square meal(吃得饱),
32、 though his parents feed him very well. A. get B. getting C. got D. should get7. He is talking so much about America as if he _ there. A. had been B. were C. was D. been8. I _ you some money, but I hadnt got any then. A. would lend B. would have lent C. could lend D. may have lent,虚拟语气,9. Have you e
33、ver been to Beijing? - No, but I wish I _. A. have B. will C. do D. had10. I dont think it is the right time that you _. A. will go B. went C. go D. must go11. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it . A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken,虚拟语气,12.(2003上海春季
34、高考题)Look at the trouble I am in! If only I _ your advice.A.followedB.would followC.had followedD.should follow13.(2002上海高考题)It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love，at the age of seven，with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.A.wouldnt have fallen B.had not fallenC.
35、should fall D.were to fall14.She insisted that she _ ill of him behind him，but he didnt believe it.A.hadnt spoken B.shouldnt speakC.wouldnt speak D.not speak,虚拟语气,15.It is high time the child _ to the hospital.A.is sent B.would be sentC.be sent D.were sent16.If it _ so hard，wed go to town.A.isnt rai
36、ning B.werent rainingC.doesnt rain D.has rain,17.Its strange that he _ without saying good-bye to us.A.should have gone out B.wentC.should go out D.goes out,虚拟语气,18.Had you listened to the doctor，you _ all right now.A.are B.wereC.would be D.would have been19.Id rather you _ know the secret.A.didnt B
37、.hadntC.not D.not to20.Without your help，we _ this task.A.dont finishB.will not finishC.didnt finish D.would not have finished,虚拟语气,21.Isnt it about time that you _ to pick up the visitors from New York?A.went B.would goC.go D.will go22.I wish I _ you yesterday.A.saw B.did seeC.had seen D.were to se
38、e23.His silence at the meeting suggested that he _ to your plan.A.didnt agree B.hadnt agreedC.wouldnt agree D.not agree,虚拟语气,24.The father insisted his daughter _ a rich man.A.would be engaged toB.be engaged toC.should engaged to D.must be engaged to25.You _ earlier.The bus left a moment ago.A.would come B.should have comeC.must comeD.could have come26.She made a suggestion that the plan _ carefully.A.be considered B.was consideredC.should consider D.would be considered,Thank you !,
