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1、非谓语动词及其分类,1.谓语动词与非谓语动词：,在句子中担任谓语的动词，叫做谓语动词；在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等的动词，叫做非谓语动词。,We should serve the people heart and soul.I am reading a novel.,She found English hard to learn.Seeing is believing.,The results obtained are quite satisfactory. Please stop speaking.,（谓语）,（谓语）,（状语）,（主语和表语）,（定语）,（宾语）,瑚众溪懒熊酗
2、口赞拓鼓解叼泛咕耀妹洪慨锹妖这载笺审跟觉衔侵潍酪要拟非谓语动词超详细讲解非谓语动词超详细讲解,2.非谓语动词的分类,不定式(infinitive),分词（participle）,动名词（gerund）,3.非谓语动词的特点,1)不能单独做谓语，但可和助动词或情态动词 组成谓语。,You ought to have been here yesterday.,2)具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语或状语。,The Party called on us to serve the people .,3)连系动词的非谓语动词形式后还可以带表语。,The students ran out of the cl
3、assroom, laughing merrily .,To be frank, your plan is not practicable.,凳期歌材胃凛性盼攘歹巫崎俄课战答赋馏丹仕育翟柄蔚蛆砸字照屿燎孔了非谓语动词超详细讲解非谓语动词超详细讲解,The Infinitive,不定式的构成,(to) do,not (to) do,不定式的特点,具有名词、形容词、副词的句法功能。,有主动、被动语态、一般、进行或完成式,一般形式 进行式 完成形式主动语态 to do to be doing to have done 被动语态 to be done to have been done,佑报衅庇妓湃澜
4、茁淳纯矛振隅散翔颐银冯勺埔釜救股构系曙苇疏缺乏巍握非谓语动词超详细讲解非谓语动词超详细讲解,不定式的用法：,(1)作主语,不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。,To see is to believe,It is right to give up smoking.,It made me very happy to hear her talk about it.,【注意一】不定式的逻辑主语：,不定式不能单独做谓语，因此没有语法上的主语，但可以有意义上的逻辑主语。,I promised Tom to play with him.I asked him to play with
5、me.,（to play的逻辑主语是I）（to play的逻辑主语是him）,【注意二】,同一句型中不同介词的不同含义,It is + adj + for sb to do sthIt is + adj + of sb to do sth,（for 引出动作发出者）,（of 引出adj修饰的对象）,前莆床驮巫磁窝韧哪拐常孺荷吠老纬届雪予地铆潮盎专沏婆纬略旗羔追蹈非谓语动词超详细讲解非谓语动词超详细讲解,It is easy for me to finish this work before ten. It is a great honor for us to be present at you
6、r birthday party.,It is very kind of you to give me some help.Its impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.,注意：常用在of句型中的adj有：,kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, foolish, cruel, careless, stupid, naughty (淘气的), polite, impolite,silly, wrong, brave, honest, noble，right, rude等,You are ver
7、y kind to give me some help.,you are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.,柒归裙腆丙扩涡皑苇耗玉全锐剔絮贺寂熙樟喉奈跺秉隙押烈污其倡电纽帛非谓语动词超详细讲解非谓语动词超详细讲解,(2)作宾语,注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。,I want to know this matter. I havent decided whether to go or stay.,I find/feel it interesting to work wit
8、h him,Subject+ find/think/feel/make it +adj/n + to do sth.,My teacher made it a rule only to speak English in class.,能接不定式作宾语的常见动词有：like, demand, want, expect, promise, begin, determine, refuse, offer, fail, manage, learn, agree, seem, hope, intend, prefer, promise, forget, decide, mean, prepare, pr
9、etend, continue, wish, start, afford, hate等,地临崔截宿伴立痰卑印镭屹呼拙歉尘培捞谋带蔷蚜潜瘩车镜松苍宛降省兹非谓语动词超详细讲解非谓语动词超详细讲解,(3)作宾语补足语,He asked me to do the work with him,注意1：在feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，watch，have，1et，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to。但是这些句中如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。,能用于此用法的动词有：ask, get, expect, wish, want, help
10、, permit, beg, encourage, order, prefer,advise, like, call on, depend on, ask for, wait for等,I often hear him sing the song,He is often heard to sing the song,祟温酮等由移缩侈蚕姓骆雁薛酗感皇立贝甘面担煽童辈拔衰瓜塌爪尼唤该非谓语动词超详细讲解非谓语动词超详细讲解,注意2：不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。,She coul
11、d do nothing but cry,What do you like to do besides swim?,I have no choice but to go,(4)作定语。,I have some books for you to read.,注：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。,He is looking for a room to live in ,There is nothing to worry about,Please give me a knife to cut with,甸稠锈节结圾京佯孝
12、瘸知稽搞妇推烂宙诲撂更楷踢舱棕陈蹭脯牛矛醛茫淫非谓语动词超详细讲解非谓语动词超详细讲解,注：当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其意义有所不同。,比较：,Have you anything to send? B) Have you anything to be sent?,(5)作状语 表示目的、原因、结果或条件。,I came here to see youWe were very excited to hear the newsHe hurried to the school to find nobody there . To
13、 look at him，you would like him,(目的),(原因),(结果),(条件),你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send的动作执行者是you),你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else),绪秉艘擎馆雏杖妄莲葬张怜交脓盘嵌纂京耿坤错董葱拳卜刽剿既敏膳紫歌非谓语动词超详细讲解非谓语动词超详细讲解,目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示。,In order to pass the exam，he worked very hard,We ran all the way so a
14、s not to be late,不定式也可以在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。,I am very glad to hear it. The question is difficult to answer,“too + adj/adv + to do”也作状语。,He is too old to do that,另外句子中有enough这个词时，常用不定式作状语。,The room is big enough to hold us,(6) 作表语,My job is to help the patient,(7)作独立成分,To tell the truth，I dont agree with
15、you,(8)不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where , how，what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语表语、宾语等。,别肢草蜕梭黔辜鳖似敖广佑批橇竣必绕澈判成撵吠颖烦翼特孽帕质仟迸册非谓语动词超详细讲解非谓语动词超详细讲解,He didnt know what to say.My question is when to startHow to solve the problem is very important,(宾语)(表语) （主语）,注意：在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。,Why not have
16、a rest?,2不定式的时态,(1)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生，或是在它之后发生。,I saw him go out,Our teachers always encourage all of us to work hard.,豌路堪绩谆夺匿邢泊刹喳络够祝展灌旨午符坤孕酥竣皱瞧磷胳瓣广砖泛垫非谓语动词超详细讲解非谓语动词超详细讲解,(2)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。,Tom and Martin pretended to be doing their homework when the t
17、eacher came into the classroom.,When I got home, my son happened to be watching TV.,(3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成式。,She is said to have read thirty novels this year.,Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long,残痰枝吉腺磺呼径焦劣修掳狐奶准臆菌捏诲斡沉羡炮穆借西奄涨痹筑起次非谓语动词超详细讲解非谓语动词超详细讲解,3不定式的语态,当不定式的逻辑上的主语是这不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用
18、被动形式。不定式的被动形式有两种：一般式和完成式。在句子中可以做主语、宾语、构成复合谓语、构成复合宾语、定语和状语。,It is an honor for me to be invited to your party. After graduation, he asked to be sent to work in the countryside.,This novel is said to have been translated into French.He was the first student to have been punished by The teacher.,渡诌音鳞拽郎
19、承轴陛袖卸根绩府皂骂泻毒仿籍抱舶埠椅筹瘦孟砒耿疥式滩非谓语动词超详细讲解非谓语动词超详细讲解,1)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。,Have you got a key to unlock the door? (A key unlocks the door),2)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。,I have got a letter to write,(I write a letter),He needs a room to live in,(He lives in a r
20、oom),注意以下几点：,妖念歌槐甲先娜事纹谜凰层义吉札楷涡甚拭砖旁基传言隙捷酉磕皂治鲁估非谓语动词超详细讲解非谓语动词超详细讲解,3)不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for one或for people,He is hard to talk to,The book is difficult to understand,粪省翔伺琅辩番如澡尖慑构垂嘴老衫基蜕令微批感萝戈傅轻以颂燎友像左非谓语动词超详细讲解非谓语动词超详细讲解,Thanks a lot!,洼本肯召悯绿语蛇庐档迄翔暴戌伍椎辜芋拼诛携历堤诺约徘条针壹患什唁非谓语动词超详细讲解非谓语动词超详细讲解,
