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1、成人学士学位英语辅导,非谓语动词的构成及其用法,动词的非谓语形式有三种：1.不定式，由to +动词原形构成，to 为不定式符号，并无实际意义。2.动名词，由动词+ing构成。3.分词 1）现在分词,由动词+ing构成 2）过去分词,由动词+ed构成。 Growing flowers is my hobby. Thank you for helping us. I hope to see you again.,在一个句子中，已经存在一个谓语动词，而又没有连词的情况下，其他的动词就需要使用非谓语形式。She got off the bus, _(leave)her handbag on her s
2、eat.She got off the bus, but _ (leave) her handbag on her seat.,leaving,left,不定式的时态和语态,to do,to be done,to have done,to have been done,to be doing,无,to have been doing,无,不定式,1. 不定式的动作与谓语动词同时发生时，用一般式。 He wanted to see you. 2. 强调不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生时，用完成形式。 He is said to have written a novel.3. 强调不定式的动作正在进
3、行时，用不定式的进行形式。 When I came in, he pretended to be reading a book. 4. 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时，用被动语态。 It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. The book is said to have been translated into English.,不定式,动名词的时态和语态,doing,being done,having done,having been done,动名词,1.动名词的一般形式表示一般性动作或是与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 We
4、are interested in climbing mountains. I prefer singing to dancing.2.如果强调动名词的动作已经完成，要用完成形式。 He was praised for having passed the exam .3.如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，也要用完成形式。 He is proud of having been sent to work in Tibet .4.当一个动名词逻辑上的主语是该动名词动作的承受者，这个动名词要用被动形式。 He remembered being taken to Beijing when he was
5、 a child.,动名词,分词的时态和语态,doing,being done,having done,having been done,分词,现在分词表主动、进行，过去分词表示被动、完成。分词与其逻辑主语的关系是主动的用现在分词；是被动的，要用过去分词。1._(look) out of the window, I can see many cars and buses.2._(see) from the top of Dragon Tower, Harbin looks more beautiful.3.The teacher came in, _ (follow) many student
6、s. 4.The teacher came in, _ (follow) by many students.,Looking,Seen,following,followed,分词,如果强调一个被动的动作正在进行，要用分词的被动形式being done。Being repaired, the building is forbidden to enter.The house being built now is a Hope Project School.如果强调分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成形式。Not having finished his homework,Tom was mad
7、e to stay at school .Having closed all the windows ,I went home. Having been invited to the party ,Tom was very happy .,分词,非谓语动词的否定形式,所有非谓语动词的否定形式都是直接在其前面加上not.不定式的否定形式：not to do动名词的否定形式：not doing 现在分词的否定形式：not doing 过去分词的否定形式：not done,1. Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to
8、drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive2. -I must apologize for _ ahead of time. -Thats all right. A. letting you not know B. not letting you know C. letting you know not D. letting not you know3. _ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not completing B. No
9、t completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed,A,B,练习,C,不定式、动名词用作主语,1.直接作主语：Seeing is believing.Smoking is not a good habit.To see is to believe.To smoke here is dangerous.2.用it作形式主语Its no use talking too much without doing anything.Its no good smoking too much.It is very kind of you to
10、 say so.Its not difficult for you to learn English grammar well.,动名词与不定式作主语时的区别,1.对称原则:主语和表语对称 Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.2.动名词做主语表示抽象的、经常性的动作，不定式表示具体的、某一次的动作。 Climbing mountains is interesting. To climb this mountain will take us two hours.3.不定式做主语，一般用it 当形式主语，而把不定式短语后置。 It will take
11、 us two hours to climb the mountain.,固定句型:1.Its no use/no good /useless/worthwhile + doing 在暗淡的灯光下看书不好。 It is no good reading in dim light.2.Its kind/wise/clever of sb to do sth It is very kind of you to help us.3.Its important/necessary/hard for sb to do sth 我们学好英语很重要。 It is very important for us t
12、o learn English well.,不定式、动名词作宾语,He chose not to go home this weekend.The manager desires to see you.My mother dislikes seeing you with me.He could hardly resist laughing.He is fond of playing tennis.动名词既可做动词宾语，也可做介词的宾语，而不定式只能做动词宾语。有些动词只能接动名词做宾语，而有的只能接不定式做宾语，有的既可接动名词也可接不定式做宾语，但意义不同。,A.下列动词只能带动名词作宾语：
13、admit, allow, avoid, appreciate, consider, denyenjoy, escape, finish, complete, forgivekeep, mind, miss, risk, resume, recall,practise, prevent, resist, suggest, understandbe/get used to, devote oneself to, look forward to, object to, prefer.to,refer to, pay attention to, stick to, lead to 这些词组里的to为
14、介词，而非不定式符号。,B.下列动词只能接不定式作宾语：afford ,agree ,attempt, aim, choosedecide, demand, desire, determine,expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage,offer, plan, pretend, prepare, promise,refuse, seem, tend, threaten, wish,C.在一些动词后，可接不定式,也可接动名词做宾语，但含义有差别。forget ,remember, regret +doing 表示动作已经发生；+to do表动作未发生 wan
15、t, need ,require + doing 表被动 = to be donetry doing试着做; try to do 尽力做，想要做stop doing 停止做某事 stop to do 停下来做另一件事,go on doing 继续做某事（前后是同一件事） go on to do 接下来做某事(前后不是同一件事)mean doing 意味着.,意思是. mean to do 故意或想要做某事 cant help doing sth 抑制不住、禁不住做某事 cant help to do sth 不能帮忙做某事,1. Would you mind _ the door? A. op
16、en B. opening C. to open D. opened3. Have you got used _ in Guilin? A. to living B. to live C. living D. to be living 4. Nobody is willing to go to a party without _. A. asking B. to be asked C. being asked D. having asked,B,练习,A,C,非谓语动词做宾语补足语,可以接不定式做宾语补足语的动词常用的有： ask, want, advise, allow, encourage
17、, force,forbid,like, order, permit, persuade, request, require, tell, warn, urge, expect 这些词后均可接+sb. to do sth.的结构 Father will not allow us to play on the street. My teacher advised me to do more exercises.,常接分词做宾语补足语的动词有： have，keep, get, find，see, hear, watch, notice etc.I saw him working in the fi
18、eld yesterday.He kept the water boiling.I found my car missing.I will have my watch repaired.,非谓语动词作表语,1.不定式作表语（be to do): 按计划、趋势将要做的 She is to get married next week.有责任、义务必须做的 Im to see you off at the airport tomorrow祈使、命令不得不做的 Youre to stand here ,do you understand ?命运安排,注定做的 Disney met the mouse
19、and he was to become a famous artist.,2.动名词作表语表明主语的性质或内容 My job is teaching you English. Teaching you English is my job.3.分词作表语表示主语的特点特征, 现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动和完成。 The book is interesting. Skiing is more exciting than skating. She felt confused, even frightened. The guests are gone. 做表语的分词，其实很多已经转化为了形容词
20、。,非谓语动词作定语,A. 动名词作定语表示被修饰词的用途 drinking water=the water that is (used )for drinking drinking water, living room, sitting room, washing powder B. 分词作定语，表被修饰词的特点、特征. 单个分词作定语前置,分词短语作定语放在所修饰词之后。 现在分词作定语表示正在进行和主动，过去分词作定语表示已经完成和被动。boiling water 正在沸腾的水boiled water 白开水（煮开过的水，可能是凉的）a retired worker 一位退了休的工人,C
21、.动词不定式作定语1.后置，表示将来 This is the Hope Project School to be built next year.2.不定式与其所修饰的词之间可能是主谓或动宾关系： The train to arrive is from London. I have a lot of work to do . I want to get something to read . Do you need some water to drink?,非谓语动词作状语,不定式做状语，表示原因,目的或结果。为了强调目的,可与in order to或so as to 连用。 I reache
22、d home only to find my old dog dead . He got up early to catch the early bus . To improve our English, we come here. Im so glad to see you. They went to the railway station, only to be told that the train had left. 注：only + 不定式”常表示出乎预料的结果.,分词作状语可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、伴随或方式，及独立成分。分词与逻辑主语的关系是主动的，用现在分词，反之，用过去分词。Hearing the news, he couldnt help laughing.（时间）Given enough time, I can do it better. （条件）Being ill, he didnt go to school （原因）The glass fell to the ground, breaking into pieces. (结果)Our teacher came in, followed by many students (伴随）Generally speaking, one must be confident.(独立成分),
