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1、,中西翻译简史,A Concise History of Translation in China and the West,Lecture 11Translation History in the West 2: from 18th Century to 1970s,Background,translatability and untranslatabilitymore philosophical and less empirical: origin of translation studies,Background,reasons:the rise of philology as a un
2、iversity disciplinethe literary movement of Romanticism,Background,translator “as a creative genius in his own right, in touch with the genius of his original and enriching the literature and language into which he is translating.”,Novalis,His original name was Georg Philipp FriedrichFreiherrvon Har
3、denberg.German poet, author, mystic, andphilosopherofEarly German Romanticism,(1772 1801),Novalis,the first one to systemize the emerging romantic theory of translationA new triadic division of translation,Novalis,grammatical translations:translations in the ordinary sense of the word”transformative
4、 translationsauthentic body forth the sublimest poetic spirit”mythic translations translations in the noblest style, which “reveal the pure and perfect character of the individual work of art,Schlegel,August Wilhelm von Schlegel(1767 1845),German poet, translator and criticTranslated Shakespeare int
5、o German;Translated Bhagavad Gita(薄伽梵歌) from Sanskrit into German,Schlegel,August Wilhelm von Schlegel(1767 1845),“to get away from the notion of literal precision so commonly associated with fidelity” truth must be the translators highest, indeed virtually his only, mandate.,Goethe,Johann Wolfgang
6、von Goethe (1749 1832),German writer, poet, scientist, scholar and statesman,Goethe,I honour meter and rhyme, for that is what makes poetry, but the part that is really, deeply, and basically effective, the part that is truly formative and beneficial, is the part of the poet that remains when he is
7、translated into prose. This residue is the pure, complete substance, which a dazzling external form can simulate, when it is lacking, or conceal, when it is present.,Friedrich Schleiermacher,Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher (1768 1834),German theologian,philosopher, andbiblical scholarfounder o
8、f modern HermeneuticsOn Different Methods of Translating“(1813),Friedrich Schleiermacher,generalized translationtranslation exists everywhere where we have to interpret a discourse,Friedrich Schleiermacher,restricted translationtranslation between languages,Friedrich Schleiermacher,translator vs. in
9、terpreterInterpreting: business matters, oral; Translation: science and art, written.,Friedrich Schleiermacher,the objective vs. the subjectiveEverywhere the author appears as the mere servant of an objective content, there is interpreting-oral or writtenEverywhere he tries to express himself, there
10、 is translation,Friedrich Schleiermacher,two methods to do translationthe translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him;or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him.,Friedrich Schleiermacher,Schleiermachers sta
11、nceIf the target-language readers are to understand, they must grasp the spirit of the language native to the author, they must be able to gaze upon the authors inimitable patterns of thinking and meaning;,Friedrich Schleiermacher,Schleiermachers stancebut the only tools that the translator can offe
12、r them in pursuit of these goals are their own language, which nowhere quite corresponds to the authors, and his own person, his own inconsistently clear understanding of, and vacillating admiration for, the author.,Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von Humboldt(1767 1835),W. von Humboldt,P
13、russianphilosopher, linguist, government functionary, diplomat, founder of theHumboldt University of Berlinthe “Magna Carta”（宪章） of translation theory in Germany,W. von Humboldt,a translator is the difficulty and even the impossibility of establishing equivalence between two languages.Untranslatabil
14、ity: not totally equivalent,W. von Humboldt,Questioning fidelity,The more the translator strives to force the text into a mathematically calculated accuracy in establishing equivalence, the more he diverges from this intended fidelity.,W. von Humboldt,aims and uses of translation,1）to make known the
15、 original to those who lack the relevant linguistic knowledge; 2）to acquire an in-depth knowledge of the text; 3）to enter into the spirit of the work once one has mastered the words of same.,Translation in the 20th Century,Walter Benjamin,Walter Bendix Schnflies Benjamin (18921940),German Jewish phi
16、losopher; cultural criticThe Task of the Translator,Walter Benjamin,Walter Bendix Schnflies Benjamin (18921940),Translation participates in the “afterlife” of a worka history of receptionmore than transmit message, recreate the value,Walter Benjamin,Walter Bendix Schnflies Benjamin (18921940),the li
17、nguistic differences “pure language”pure language: a sense of how the “mutually exclusive” differences among languages coexist with complementary intentions to communicate and to refer, intentions that are derailed by the differences.,Walter Benjamin,Walter Bendix Schnflies Benjamin (18921940),trans
18、lation offers a Utopian vision of linguistic “harmony”.Transformation of current standard language.Rudolf Pannwitz: translator must broaden and deepen his own language with the foreign one”.,Ezra Pound,Ezra Weston Loomis Pound(18851972),American poet and critic, translatorImagismTranslating Guido Ca
19、valcanti,Ezra Pound,Archaism in translating Guido Cavalcantis poetry: search for a stylistic equivalence,pre-Elizabethan English poetry style,medieval Tuscan,“We are preserving one value of early Italian work.”,Ezra Pound,the autonomy of translation“interpretive”: linguistic peculiarities direct the
20、 reader across the page to foreign textual features “original writing”: rewriting of the foreign text in the mask of originality,Ezra Pound,invigorate the English language by overcoming the “six centuries of derivative convention and loose usage that have obscured the exact significances of phrases,
21、Roman Jakobson,RussianAmerican linguist and literary theoristformalist,Roman Osipovich Jakobson (18961982),Roman Jakobson,Six functions of language:1. The Referential Function corresponds to the factor of context and describes a situation, object or mental state. The descriptive statements of the re
22、ferential function can consist of both definite descriptions and deictic words, e.g. The autumn leaves have all fallen now.,Roman Jakobson,2. The Poetic Function focuses on the message for its own sake (the code itself, and how it is used) and is the operative function in poetry as well as slogans.,
23、Roman Jakobson,3. The Emotive (alternatively called Expressive or Affective) Function relates to the Addresser (sender) and is best exemplified by interjections and other sound changes that do not alter the denotative meaning of an utterance but do add information about the Addressers (speakers) int
24、ernal state, e.g. Wow, what a view!,Roman Jakobson,4. The Conative Function engages the Addressee (receiver) directly and is best illustrated by vocatives and imperatives, e.g. Tom! Come inside and eat!,Roman Jakobson,5. The Phatic Function is language for the sake of interaction and is therefore as
25、sociated with the Contact/Channel factor. The Phatic Function can be observed in greetings and casual discussions of the weather, particularly with strangers. It also provides the keys to open, maintain, verify or close the communication channel: Hello?, Ok?, Hummm, Bye.,Roman Jakobson,6. The Metali
26、ngual (alternatively called Metalinguistic or Reflexive) Function is the use of language (what Jakobson calls Code) to discuss or describe itself.,Roman Jakobson,the signifier and the signifiedThe equivalence between the signifier and the signified is decided by the context.,the source language and
27、the target language,Roman Jakobson,The structure and terminology of languages are more important than transmitting information.,Eugene Nida,Eugene A. Nida(1914 2011),American linguistDynamic-equivalence(Functional Equivalence),Eugene Nida,Two types of equivalence: formal and dynamic(1)formal equival
28、encefocuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content with aims to allow readers to understand as much of the SL context as possible.,Eugene Nida,Two types of equivalence: formal and dynamic(2)Dynamic equivalenceemphasizes more on the effect the receiver receives the message with the
29、 aim to “relate the receptor to modes of behavior relevant within the context of his own culture”,Eugene Nida,Application of Dynamic-equivalence: Bible TranslationThe target language wording will trigger the same impact in its hearers that the original wording had upon its hearers.We always want a h
30、earer to understand the same meaning as did hearers of the source text.,Eugene Nida,The meaning of “meaning”: a bundlemeanings of parts of words (morphemes);words themselves;how words connect to each other (syntax, grammar);words in communication contexts (pragmatics);Connotation.,Eugene Nida,Ineffi
31、ciency of Dynamic Equivalence Theory,overly narrow focus upon the response of hearersat the expense of other factorsThe effect may be caused by multiple reasons.,Eugene Nida,Functional equivalence (paraphrasing),The translator tries to make the target language function the same way the original lang
32、uage functioned for the original readers.,Eugene Nida,Functional equivalence (paraphrasing),A term can be omitted if no equivalence could be found.make books readable on unintended levels,George Steiner,Francis George Steiner (1929-),French-born American literary critic, essayist, philosopher, novel
33、ist, and educatorHermeneutic approach,George Steiner,Hermeneutic approach,Etymology of “hermeneutics”old Greek Latin: “hermeneuein”, meaning to understandMiddle ages: theology, the interpretation of the decrees of God and records of antiquityRenaissance: semantic explanations in rhetoric and poetics
34、Romanticism: explanation of texts,George Steiner,Hermeneutic approach of translation,Understanding is translation.,George Steiner,Hermeneutic approach of translation,is the investigation of what it means to understand a piece of oral or written speech, and the attempt to diagnose this process in ter
35、ms of a general model of meaningIt gives the subject of translation a frankly philosophic aspect.,George Steiner,four moves of translation,(1) initiative trust (2) aggression (or penetration) (3) incorporation(4) reciprocity or restitution,George Steiner,four moves of translation,initiative trust “A
36、ll understanding, and the demonstrative statement of understanding which is translation, starts with an act of trust”, the translators comprehension and expression of the source ideas, as subjectivity is unavoidable.,George Steiner,four moves of translation,(2) aggression (or penetration) “It is Hei
37、deggers contribution to have shown that understanding, recognition, interpretation are a compacted, unavoidable mode of attack.”“The translation invades, extracts, and brings home.”,George Steiner,four moves of translation,(3) incorporation“But whatever the degree of “naturalization”, the act of importation can potentially dislocate or relocate the whole of the native structure.”,George Steiner,four moves of translation,(4) reciprocity or restitutionin order to restore balance to the morals of translation to compensate the loss of meaning and the violent transport.,
