《神经内科英文课件脑出血.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《神经内科英文课件脑出血.ppt（30页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Cerebral hemorrhage脑出血,Etiology and pathogenesis,Hypertension and arteriosclerosisAtherosclerosis, bleeding tendency (hemophilia, leukemia, aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia), congenital angiomatous malformation, arteritis, tumorlenticulostriate arteries vertical to MCAMicroaneurysms rupture,Patholo
2、gy,Site: basal ganglia (70%), brain lobe, brain stem, cerebellumLateral hemorrhage: the bleeding is confined lateral to the internal capsule (lenticular nucleus, external capsule) Medial hemorrhage: thalamus hematoma edema herniation hematoma stroke capsule,Clinical feature,Age: 50-70Male femaleOccu
3、r at physical exertion or excitementSudden onset of focal signsUsually accompanied by headache and vomiting May have consciousness disturbance,1. Putamen hemorrhagecontralateral hemiplegia, hemianesthesia, and hemianopiaEyes are frequently deviated toward the side of the affected hemisphereAphasia i
4、f dominant hemisphere is affected,Clinical feature,2. Thalamus hemorrhage contralateral hemiplegia, hemianesthesia, and hemianopiaDeep sensation disturbanceOcular signsDisturbance of consciousness,Clinical feature,3. Pontine hemorrhageMild: crossed paralysisSevere (5ml) coma pinpoint pupils hyperpyr
5、exia tetraplegia die in 48 hours,Clinical feature,4. Cerebellar hemorrhageOccipital headache, intense vertigo and repeated vomiting, ataxia, nystagmusSevere cerebellar hemorrhage : coma, compression of brain stem, tonsillar herniation,Clinical feature,5. Lobar hemorrhageSeen in AVM, Moyamoya disease
6、, Headache, vomiting, neck stiffnessSeizureFocal signs,Clinical feature,Investigation,1. CTFirst choiceHigh density bloodMass effect and edemaHigh density isodensity low density,2. MRIBrain stem hemorrhage24h, not distinguishable with thrombosis3. DSAYoung and with normal blood pressure4. CSFBloodyD
7、one only when the CT is not available and without increased ICP,Investigation,Diagnosis,Age 50, with hypertensionSudden onset of headache, vomiting, focal signOccur at physical exertion or excitementCT: high density blood,Differential diagnosis,Coma: poisoning, hypoglycemia, hepatic or diabetic coma
8、Focal signs: cerebral infarction, brain tumor, subdural hematoma, SAH,Treatment,1.Keep rest, monitoring, air way, good nursing2. Keep electrolytes and fluid balance.3. Reduce ICP: 20% Mannitol 125-250ml, 3 to 4 times per dayFurosemide, albumin, dexamathasone,4. Control hypertension: 180/105mmHg in a
9、cute stage, ACEI, beta-blocker5. Prevent complications:Infection:antibioticsgastric hemorrhage: Cimetidine, LosecVenous thrombosis: heparin,Treatment,6. Surgical therapy: Putamen, lobar: 40-50 ml, deterioratingCerebellum: 15ml, diameter3cmThalamus: obstructive hydrocephalus ventricular drainage 7. R
10、ehabilitation,Treatment,Subarachnoid hemorrhageSAH,SAH,Cranial bone dura mater arachnoid pia mater brain lobePrimary spontaneous SAHTraumatic SAHSecondary to cerebral hemorrhage,Etiology,1. Intracranial saccular aneurysm 2. AVM (arteriovenous malformation) 3. Hypertension and atherosclerosis4. Moyam
11、oya disease5. Mycotic aneurysm, tumor, polyarteritis nodasa, bleeding disease,Pathology,Anterior cerebral and anterior communicating Internal carotid Middle cerebralBasilar,Clinical feature,1. Age of onset: Saccular aneurysm: adult 30-60AVM: juvenile Hypertension: more than 602. Prodromal symptomsWa
12、rning leaks: headache, vomitingCranial nerve paralysis: oculomotor,3. Acute SAHSudden onset of severe headache: “explode, burst, the worst of my life”VomitingAssociated with physical exertion, excitementTransient loss of consciousness or comaPain of neck, back, legMental symptoms: apathy, lethargy,
13、delirium,Clinical feature,3. Acute SAHSigns of meningeal irritation: neck stiffness, positive Kernigs signFundus examination: papilloedema, sub-hyaloid hemorrhageCranial nerve palsy,Clinical feature,4. Delayed neurologic deficitsRerupture: in first 4 weeks, again has severe headache, vomiting, uncon
14、sciousness, with poor outcome. Due to fibrinolysisCerebrovascular spasm: 4-15 days after initial SAH, cerebral infarction disturbance of consciousness and focal signsHydrocephalus: 2-3 weeks after SAH, gait difficulty, incontinence, dementia,Clinical feature,Investigation,1. CTSubarachnoid clot in 7
15、5% of cases,2. CSFUniformly blood-stainedXanthochromia: 12 hours to 2-3 weeks ICP 3. DSA: etiologic diagnosis, important to surgery4. MRA, CTA,Investigation,Diagnosis,Sudden onset of severe headache, vomitingNeck stiffness, positive Kernigs signUniformly blood stained CSFCT shows subarachnoid clot,D
16、ifferential diagnosis,Cerebral hemorrhageMeningitisTumorPsychosis,Treatment,1. General management Absolute bed rest for 4-6 weeksPrevent constipation, excitementSedatives and analgesics2. Reduce ICPMannitol, Furosemide, albumin,3. Prevent reruptureAntifibrinolytic drugs: EACA for 3 weeks4. Prevent cerebrovascular spasmNimodipine, flunarizine5. Lumbar puncture to replace CSF6. Surgery: within 24-72 hours,Treatment,
