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1、对英语中考命题的分析与思考,一、命题依据与原则,1、根据英语课程标准确定考查内容与标准,不拘泥于教材(新目标 新标准 牛津 湘教 仁爱)。2、着重考查学生的综合语言运用能力。3、考虑学生实际生活和身心发展水平。4、注意选用真实、地道的语言素材,根据语言实际使用情形命题。5、注重试题的信度和效度,避免繁、偏、旧的试题。6、根据试题的考查目的和考查重点,科学合理地制定评分标准。,大连市中考英语学科命题原则,基础性应用性适切性真实性 科学性 导向性,二、英语中考命题的特点,近几年的中考改革已经取得明显成效,各地英语学科的命题越来越科学、合理。新课程的评价理念在不断得到体现,命题技术正在逐步提高。,(
2、一)2010年各地中考试题的具体特征,1、语境设计科学、完整、真实、地道:注重了语境化设计,基本上改变了过去在脱离语境的情况下考查对知识点机械记忆的倾向 语法知识类试题及词汇的考查设置在一定的语境中,体现语言的真实性、趣味性和实践性,通过语境的设置,使语法测试题更有积极现实意义,体现语言的交际功能。,2、试题的选材体裁多样、题材丰富,同时具有较好的思想性和教育性。这些特点在阅读理解、完形填空和书面表达等试题上体现得更为突出。 选材关注社会热点:环保(低碳等)、 世博、科技发展;素材来源广泛:报纸、杂志、邮件、教材等。充分体现了语言与社会的密切关系。,3、试卷中适当增加了主观试题的比重,减少客观
3、题,考查形式灵活多样。阅读理解题目设计灵活多样:任务型阅读、段落与题目匹配、段落排序、阅读配对、 段落句子还原、填写信息表、回答问题等。如宁波卷(名言配对)等。4、书面表达题目设计更加注重指导性,体现初中学生英语学习的规律性和阶段性。一些地方采用的是 “二选一”的设计思路。5、一些题型设计兼顾初高中接轨,体现语言学习的可持续发展。如短文改错,段落还原等。6、试题配置基本合理,考查内容全面,试题的效度较高。除了考查语言知识以外,强调对语言技能的考查,尝试对文化意识和跨文化交际能力的考查。,(二)我市中考命题特点,1、理性回归教材,关注语言能力 重视教材在语言学习中的作用,超过一半的语言材料源于教
4、材。引导学生在复习时回归课本,发挥学业考试对平时教学的正面导向作用。 2、话题分布广泛,注重语言情境 从单句到语篇、写作等覆盖20余话题,确保初中所学内容得到全面检测。3、语篇选材多样,引导语言运用 外选材料新颖、时尚,关注知识性、趣味性和教育性,关注学生后续发展,有利于拓展学习渠道。在试卷设计中试图融入情感态度、学习策略、文化意识等影响英语学习能力发展的诸多元素。,4、倡导学习策略,培养语言习惯 如阅读题:以基础知识和基本能力立意,着重考查学生运用所学的知识分析问题、解决问题的能力。5、设计灵活开放,体现语言积累 如对句子翻译的多样性表达形式的考虑,写作话题的年段纵向考虑等。6、版式活泼新颖
5、,符合初中学生年龄特征。 图片文字相得益彰,减轻学生考试中的焦虑情绪。,三、典型考试题型解读,大连市2010年试题形式上保持相对稳定,注重考试内容的适当变化。 单项填空、完形填空(一)(二)、 阅读理解(一)(二)、情景交际、 句子翻译、书面表达,(一)语言知识要求考生能掌握初中阶段所学的语法知识(见附录),掌握英语课程标准五级所规定的词汇以及有关介绍、问候、感谢等交际功能表达方式,熟悉有关学生个人、家庭、日常生活、科学文化等英语课程标准五级要求中所规定的话题。,1、单项填空,语言知识不是静止的简单的规则掌握,而是一种动态的应用的过程,包括形式、意义和运用三个方面。单项填空题干设计努力创设语言
6、情境,使得对于词汇、语法、常用语、文化意识等方面的知识及其应用的考查都融合在一定的语境中。强调语境的相对完整性。题干既要求简练又能够提供相对充足的语言信息量,而且情境的设计要贴近学生的实际特点,具有时代性和人文性,从而避免对学生进行单纯语言知识的考查。学生必须在充分了解题干意义的基础上,通过语句的意义、前后逻辑关系或对话交际之间的联系进行判断,目的是引导学生在语境中恰当、灵活地运用所学语言知识。,09/10单项填空对比表(大连),典型例题分析:例1:- Will you stay for another day? - Id like to, but I _ . My sister is com
7、ing to see me. A. cant B. mustnt C. wont(答案A)例2:Its difficult to live in a foreign country, _ if you dont speak the language. Aexactly B. naturally C. usually D. especially(答案D),例3(河北): I _ my clothes, and the phone rang. A. wash B. washed C. am washingD. was washing例4(安徽): Its nice of you to _ so m
8、uch time showing me around your school. A. take B. spend C. cost D. have例5(台湾) :Marsha thought her friends would do something to celebrate her birthday, but they just gave her a birthday card. (A) correct(B) honest(C) quick(D) special,例1: - Do you know the boy_ is sitting next to Peter? - Yes. He is
9、 Peters friend. They are celebrating his _ birthday. A. who; ninth B. that; nineth C. /; nineth D. which; ninth 例2: I think _ of the materials I listened to at the beginning of the exam _ easy. A. three fourths, is B. third four, are C. three fourths, are D. three fourth, are,2、完形填空(一)(二),所选文章通俗易懂,难
10、度低于阅读理解部分的文章,其中一篇出自教材。文章语言简洁流畅,结构紧凑,层次分明,逻辑性强。内容均与课程标准以及新教材的话题对接。着重考查基础词汇(单词和词组)在题型设计上由简到繁,层层递进,兼顾了对考生的综合语言理解与不同层次的运用能力的考查。,典型例题分析:,(一)阅读下面短文,理解其大意。然后从各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项填入文中空白处。 题材:职业经历(教材)People often ask me 16 I love my job. Well, its very exciting. 16. A. why B. if C. how D. whenIve talke
11、d to people in the government, 18 famous sportsmen, sportswomen and film stars. 18. A. as far as B. in place of C. as well as D. such as,(二)A阅读下面短文,根据文意,用方框内所给词或短语的适当形式填入相应的空白处,使短文意思完整。 (每个词或短语只能用一次)(本题共10小题,每小题1.5分, 满分15分),题材:科技发展(外选) Nicole is good-looking, well-spoken, but she is a computerized(电
12、脑化的). 51 , shes perfect. She was 52 by a New Zealand university teacher called Tom Moir, who is also a computer 53 . And then he has spent more than a year 54 the programme and now Nicole can do many things, such as turning on the radio, lights, and even surfing the Internet. Similar 55 have been de
13、signed in other parts of the world but Tom wants to help disabled (残疾的)people around the home.,than, develop, create, engineer, programme, so that, in fact, smart, it , read,完形填空试题存在的问题,(1)选材的长度与设空数量的问题;(2)设空间隔还有欠合理的地方;(3)素材特征与难度、话题偏离学生 实际的问题。,(二) 语言技能,中考命题按照英语课程标准的要求,着重考查学生在接受完初中英语教育之后形成了什么,而不是强调记住
14、了什么。语言是交流思想的工具 而阅读是获取复杂深刻综合信息的重要途径 更体现了实际运用语言的能力增加阅读比重并强调语篇理解,兼顾对读速的要求,题目设计更新颖,适当加大分析归纳、概括中心内容、猜测词义、隐含思想等深层理解题的比重,兼顾对细节和词汇意义上的理。探索开放性或半开放性试题,考查学生在真实或半真实情景中正确、合理使用语言的能力及创造性运用语言的能力,适当减少题量,留给学生思考的时间,给予学生发挥想象力和创造力的空间。,1、阅读理解试题的特点,(1)选材丰富,体裁多样,语言地道生动规范,描写具体,推理严谨,内容清楚,结构紧凑。注重与新教材的话题相结合,关注课程资源的开发。关注学生的情感态度
15、和价值观;体裁多样: 记叙文 说明文 议论文 应用文题材丰富: 贴近现实与社会,引导青年学生关注时事热点,有利于学生良好价值观的形成。(2010大连)文化习俗(各国节日); 环境保护(绿色学校); 人物介绍(励志故事);社会热点(Obama与中国学生的对话),(2)使用生活化和实用化的阅读材料,使用图表的阅读试题明显增加;(3)试题的组题形式多样、新颖,有利于从多角度,多层面考查学生的阅读理解能力。任务型阅读的考查形式明显增加。,2、阅读理解能力测试点( 微技能),要求考生能读懂初中生所熟悉的一般性话题的简短语段(生词率不超过3%),阅读速度为每分钟50-70词。考生应能:(1)理解主旨要义;
16、(2)获取文中具体信息,理解具体情节;(3)根据上下文和构词法推断理解生词的含义;(4)理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系;(5)做出简单的判断和基本的推理;(6)能理解作者的基本意图和态度。,(大连)“阅读理解”部分的考查内容及其分布,考查阅读回答问题的城市有:,北京(5) : What are the main points about Chinatown in this passage?上海(7): In your opinion, whats “true beauty”? 山西(5): What does the writer want to tell us in the passage?
17、沈阳(10) :Why is the school competition held?长春(5): What do you think of the boy?长沙(5), 吉林(5),典型例题分析: 2010年 台湾 第一次国民中学学生学力测验 英文科,43.What can we learn about Johns mother?(A) She lives by herself now.(B) She still works day and night.(C) She will make a plan to save money.(D) She used to be too busy to
18、care for her children.44.What do we know from the letter?(A) John has two brothers.(B) John is unhappy with his boss.(C) John has to work on Mothers Day.(D) Tim will leave home for his job soon.45.Which is said in the letter?(A) Johns father died at work.(B) Tim will look for a teaching job.(C) John
19、 bought a gift for his mother.(D) John hopes to take a trip with his family.,3、写,能根据图示、表格以及文字等信息提示,按要求用英语进行书面表达。所写内容要语意连贯,语言通顺,符合逻辑。考生应能:(1)运用所学词汇和句型进行句子翻译;(2)运用所学英语对所熟悉的周围人或事件进行简单且符合逻辑地描述;(3)就所熟悉的话题用英语发表自己的意见、观点,表达个人情感与思想;(4)正确、规范、清楚地书写英语词语和句子,并注意词的大小写、词距、标点等;(5)结合所学英语知识,写英语贺卡、书信(电子邮件)、便条、日记等应用文体。,
20、(1)句子翻译,句子翻译主要测试考生能运用所学的语言知识写出正确通顺的句子。所选句子力求在生活中常用,又能够在句子结构上,短语、搭配、语法等层面上具有基础性、典型性,它考查学生将汉语的意思用符合英语习惯的句子表达出来,而不是只会按字面顺序将中英文字字对译。(有完成句子和整句翻译两种形式),典型例题分析:,(苏州)51这个俱乐部的确是个好玩的去处。53我们的班长擅长地理,但他从不炫耀。54你认为新火车站什么时候能建成?(成都)4. 比较成都和西安,你回发现他们在某些方面相似。,71. 请问,到博物馆怎么走?,Excuse me. Where is the museum? Excuse me. H
21、ow can I get to the museum?Excuse me. Which is the way to the museum?Excuse me. Do you know the way to the museum? Excuse me. Could you tell me the way to the museum? Excuse me. Can you tell me how to get to the museum?,答题错误:,Please tell me how to go to the museum? Please tell me how can I get to th
22、e museum?Can you tell me where is the museum?Can you tell me how can I get to the museum?Tell me how to go to the museum?How to get to the museum?,73.昨天我给妈妈买了一件漂亮的生日礼物。,Yesterday I bought a nice/beautiful birthday present / gift for my mother. I bought my mother a nice/beautiful birthday present / g
23、ift yesterday.答题错误:审题时存在思维定式,人称颠倒:妈妈给我买礼物。bought 动词用错,sent, sell, brought, took,(2)书面表达,在情境上强调学生生活与实际社会的联系,尽可能接近真实,增强试题的实用性。引导学生学会用语言表达思想,再现生活经历,发表观点。有指导的写作,在特定情景下突出交际性。有利于调动学生的情感体验,表达真情实感。语言运用是否得体,是否符合设想的角色、身份、关系、话题内容、口笔语特征。易于表达,有话可写,既有控制,又留有足够的写作空间。考察词汇语法等要素, 以及分析、表达与组织不同语体的能力。,书面表达试题的问题,1、部分试题给出的
24、提示过多,题目控制性过强,不能有效地考查学生的书面表达能力。2、题目的开放度过大,对要考查的要素缺乏控制,评分标准难以把握。 3、试题设计在思想性和导向性方面考虑欠周到。,典型例题分析:,体裁上以应用文居多:书信、演讲稿、邮件、感谢信、海报、毕业留言等,部分省市采用议论文等其他文体。题材:校园安全、环保、运动、个人成长(自我认识)、友谊、心目中的成功人士(人物介绍)、生活方式、场所介绍、网络、问题与建议、未来生活等题目设计上内容要点清晰,指导性强。苏州:I believe I can fly 沈阳:If I enter my favourite high school, Ill _桂林:My
25、Low-carbon Life福州:Lets do sports,(上海)Write at least 60 words about the topic ? Im proud of myself”.Use the following points as a reference.What kind of person are you?What makes you proud of yourself? (Give an example/s)Why are you proud of yourself?(沈阳)某英语杂志开辟中学生栏目。请以If I enter my favourite high sc
26、hool,Ill_为题,写一篇短文,以便为该栏目投稿。词数80100。步骤与要点如下: 1确定主题: 2围绕主题(学习,生活,个人成长等)进行叙述; 3要有具体事例(12点即可),并说明其原因。,河南: 请“ is fun”为题写一篇英语短文。要求:1. 先把题目补充完整(空格处可以是单词、短语,也 可以是从句); 2短文中不得出现真实的地名或人名等信息; 3词数80左右。 Cooking is funWhy is cooking fun? Here are two reasons.First, it is a good way to show my love to my parents. B
27、othmy parents are very busy. So when I come back home early,Ill cook for them. After they return,we sit together anenjoy the meal. I can see them smile happily.Second, It is a kind of creation. I always try to cook differentdishes. When my new dish is praised by others, I feel proud. l like cooking.
28、 It brings me a lot of fun.昆明:A. Time to_; B. _ is (are) beautiful,(2010大连),最近,学校校园网的英语论坛上,正在进行以“健康生活”为话题的大讨论。下面是学生们在讨论中提到的两个实际问题,请你任选其一,从健康生活的角度谈谈你的想法。I have difficulty in sleeping. Please help!Im putting on weight. What can I do?内容提示如下: (1)What do you think of the problem? (2) Whats your advice?,P
29、ossible version 1:,As we all know, because of the pressure of heavy schoolwork, many of us dont get as much sleep as we should do. And some of us even have difficulty in sleeping. This can make us nervous and slower at school. In my opinion, we should take schoolwork in a relaxed way. If youre worri
30、ed about it, youd better ask your teacher, your friends or your parents for help. You may try to make a proper bedtime or get a book to read before sleep. Besides, doing some sports can also do good to you. Get a good sleep tonight, and youll be at your best tomorrow.,Possible version 2:,These days
31、many students are worried about weight problems. And I think being overweight will do harm to our health. Generally speaking, there are two ways that can make you put on weight. One is the wrong diet; the other is not taking enough exercise.In my opinion, its important to eat plenty of healthy food,
32、 above all, fresh fruit and vegetables. Besides, taking more exercise is essential for us to keep fit, such as running or playing ball games. I believe thats an important way to make you lose weight.,2010全国高考卷I,假设你是育才中学学生会主席李华。你校将举办一次英语演讲比赛(speech contest),希望附近某大学的外籍教师Smith女士来做评委。请参照以下比赛通知给她写一封信。英语演
33、讲比赛主题:人与自然时间:6月15日下午2:005:00地点:501教室参赛选手:10名学生联系人:李华(电话44876655)欢迎大家光临,Dear Ms.Smith, Im Li Hua,Chair of the Student Union of Yucai Middle School,which is close to youruniversity.Im writing to invite you to be a judge at our English speech contest to be held inour school on June 15. It will start at
34、 2:00 pm and last for about three hours. Ten students willdeliver their speeches on the given topic Man and Nature.We hope that you will accpet ourinvitation if it is convenient for you.please call me at 44876655 if you have any questions. I am looking forward to your reply.With best wishes,Li Hua,你
35、校学生会需招聘一名留学生做英语学习顾问,请你以短文形式写一则招聘启事。内容主要包括:-母语是英语,汉语流利者优先-解答用语学习问题,协助组织英语活动-每周4小时,报酬面议-联系人:李华(Tel:13011223344),English Advisor WantedThe Student Union of our school decides to invite an international student to work as an English Study Advisor next term. The main responsibilities of the advisor inclu
36、de helping students to practice their oral English. Answering their questions, and helping organize activities such as singing English songs, English evenings, or lectures on interesting topics.The applicant should be a native speaker of English. Fluency in Chinese is preferred. The advisor is expec
37、ted to work 4 hours per week.If you are interested, please call Li Hua at 13011223344 for an interview. Payment for the service will be discussed during the interview.Student Union,四、教学策略,1、深入研读英语课程标准,并在教学中予以贯彻落实。2、英语教学要注重基础,强调能力,要兼顾语言知识和语言运用。 3、在教学过程中要重视教材的学习,注重以教材为核心的扩展式学习。 4、要继续加强对基本词汇的积累和运用,掌握词汇
38、基本意义与用法、常用搭配等。强化基本句型和常用句型的训练。练习形式要有利于语言运用。,5、初中阶段的阅读教学要加强通过阅读学习语言知识,通过阅读培养学习习惯(如摘抄、记笔记等)、学习策略,通过阅读提高分析语篇、逻辑思维能力,通过阅读提高写作能力、口语表达能力、跨文化意识能力等等。 对于教材中的语篇学习避免走形式,对试题研究要深入挖掘,进行变式练习。课文教学要注重文体结构训练,尝试运用科学的阅读方法指导教学。 大力开发阅读资源,充分运用报刊等媒体,提高阅读的实效性和时代感。,6、写作训练要立足于模块任务进行,强化词句语法与话题的积累和联系。 拒绝功利、脚踏实地。不同年段的教学内容和要求确定学期写作计划。,谢谢!欢迎提问、讨论!今后联系: 电子邮件: 公共邮箱: QQ:100362328 大连甘井子区英语教师(实名进入),