《主旨大意题解题技巧ppt课件.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《主旨大意题解题技巧ppt课件.ppt（42页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Reading skills- 主旨大意型,考查学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题和标题来设题。,年010年的新高考中所有的试题都是在语篇中考查，听力，阅读，写作，完型填空，语法填空，无一例外全都突出语篇的重要性，所以在备考中必须高度重视语篇能力,语篇能力How to grasp the main idea of a passage,广东高考分析,阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类,主旨题,标题类,文章主旨,段落主旨,专家支招：第一步:识别文体,找主题句,新闻报道,导语提携全文,议论文,总-分-总,（论点论据结论）,说明文,主题
2、句,（首中尾）,记叙文,记叙文六要素,寻找主题句的方法 识别文体，找主题句：记叙文（文中一般没有明显的主题句,）,夹叙夹议文(主题句常在议论中)，说明文（一般在首段），议论文（一般为总分总模式，即主题句（作者的观点）常在首段或末段（作者观点的重申）。当然，由于写作需要，主题句偶尔也可在一段文章中间。 关注文中出现的连词（转折连词but/ however，因果连词 so/ therefore，或一些常见但在文章中间出现有一定目的的词（in fact,the study shows that, for example, in short）,因为这些词后面所阐述的往往就是主题句 。 有的文章无明显主
3、题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要读者对每段文章的段意进行归纳，在段落大意的基础上再进一步加工概括了。(四) 首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的解答就是文章主旨. 关注高频词 (常为名词),专家支招 第二步: 推敲选项, 排除干扰,推敲选项正误的5个小窍门: 根据第一步寻找主题句,找出关键词,与四个选项进行匹 配,选出最合适恰当的答案 正确选项常含有概括性的词语 正确选项不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词 正确选项应能概括全文,内容全面,含义深刻或说明道理 四个选项中,内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有 一个是正确答案,干扰项的特点:概括范围太窄,常为文中具体信息或某个段落大意概括范围太宽,所表达内容常
4、超出文章阐述的内容无关信息:即文中未提到或找不到语言依据的信息,但看 起来又是对的.,标题的特点: 简练, 全面, 范围合理, 常为名词. 忌范围太大,过于笼统,范围太小(常用文中细节或某段段落大意来混淆).,如何寻找主题句,Sample 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other a
5、t every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.,（1）主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。,People h
6、ave different tastes in food,Sample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.,（2）主题句
7、也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证, 最后自然得出结论, 即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。,No one teaching method can be devised tosatisfy all students at the same time,Sample 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark.
8、In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.,（3）在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.,ret
9、urn,the modern flashlight brings light tomany dark situations,Sample 4 （无主题句）Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the Universityof Paris and decided to leave his graduation. Hetransferred to the University of Berlin andgraduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him wi
10、th an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.What is the main idea of the passage?A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.D. A good lawyer needs good education.,Sample 5 (潮阳实验
11、学校9月份月考试题)The study on the impact of light on teenagers sleeping habits finds that insufficient daily morning light exposure contributes to teenagers not getting enough sleep. 50. What would be the best title for the passage?Lack of Morning Light Keeping Teenagers up at NightB. Light Therapy Can Red
12、uce Health Risks of Teenagers.C. Measures Impact of Reduced Morning Light Exposure.D. Students Wears Special Glasses to Guarantee Sleep.,The study,finds that,_,_,_,Sample 6 ( 2007广东高考英语试题阅读理解B篇) Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness, and self- respect? The coll
13、ection of happiness actions broadly categorized as honor help you create this life of good feelings. Heres an example to show how honorable actions create happiness. Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item. If we keep silent, and profit from the clerks mistake, we would drive home with a se
14、nse of sneaky excite-ment. Later we might tell our family or friends about our good fortune. On the other hand, if we tell the clerk about the uncharged item, the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty. We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with
15、 another soul. Then, what is it to do with our sense of happiness? In the first case, where we dont tell the clerk, a couple of things would happen. 50. Which of the following can be the best title of this passage.*A. How to Live Truthfully B. Importance of PeacefulnessC. Ways of Gaining Self-respec
16、t D. Happiness through Honorable Actions,_,_,_,江苏. A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city. As part of the project, tw
17、o four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper
18、part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead
19、 and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining.,Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which
20、is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system, just below the road surface on one side, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The f
21、ire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones.,75. The passage is mainly about _. A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road C. the construction of two tunnels D. the design of two tunnels,06江苏. A new
22、eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system. It is expected to carry 20,000 trucks and cars a day, which greatly reduces the overcrowded traffic in the center of the city. As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the c
23、entral area of the city, one for traffic to the north and the other for the traffic to the south. The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes remove the
24、waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, practically at its highest point. There will also be electric signs at frequent intervals. They show traffic conditions ahead and can be seen clearly by drivers. The wall is made up
25、of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining.,Each tunnel is roughly round and the lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. The surface of the road lies on the base, which is made of concrete and steel. The drainage system, just
26、below the road surface on one side, removes any extra liquid, particularly water. In the event of fire, the fire main, which is made of steel, pipes water to many fire hydrant stations at regular intervals along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of
27、 the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones.,75. The passage is mainly about _. A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road C. the construction of two tunnels D. the design of two tunnels,在做主旨题时，我们要注意以下几点：第一，注意段首，段尾。一般来说，文章的第一段首句或末段尾句往往是文章中心思想的体现处,有时段首或段尾的话
28、就是该文章的中心思想。第二，特别关注结论性或者转折性的语言。这些表达方式有：therefore, as a result, thus, so, for example, in fact, moreover, furthermore, whats more, most important of all, but, however, rather, yet等等。第三，在选择正确答案的过程中，尽量要避免选择过于绝对的选项。例如：选项中包含有all, completely, only, almost, absolutely, definitely等。通常正确的答案有一定的概括性和结论性，过于细节的选项
29、往往不是正确答案，而过于笼统的选项则往往缺乏准确性，或者过于片面，需要我们在选择时注意。第四,标题须简练,涵盖主要内容,忌其确定的范围太大或太小 ,设题伎俩常为用文中细节,或段落大意来混淆视听.,2010高考实战,Passage 1 2010 辽宁 CToo much TV-watching can harm childrens ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies suggest in the latest effort to examine the ef
30、fects of television on children.One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California third-graders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedrooms TVs.,_,_,67. What would be the best title for this text?A. Comput
31、ers or Television B. Effects of Television on ChildrenC. Studies on TV and College EducationD. Television and Childrens Learning Habits,new studies,suggest,_,_,Passage 2 2010浙江 C,The term “multitasking” originally referred to peoples ability to carry out several tasks one time. For many people ,mult
32、itasking has become a way of life and even a key to success .In fact, some excellent mental acrobic exercises(大量训练)involve engaging the brain in two or more challenging activities at a time .Although checking e-mail while taking on a phone and reading the news-paper may be second nature for some peo
33、ple ,many times multi-tasking can make us less productive , rather than more ,But studies show that too much multitasking can lead to increased anxiety and memory loss.52. What is the main idea oh the passage?Multitasking has become a way of life. Multitasking often leads to efficiency decline.C. Mu
34、ltitasking describes need to be improved.D. Multitasking enables people to remember things better.,But,_,_,Passage 3 2010湖南 C,People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions-and a new report published online in Current Biology explains w
35、hy. Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly(均匀的) across a face as Westerners do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes. We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions, Jack said. Westerners look at
36、the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and neglect (忽略) the mouth. .,_,_,70. What can be the best title for the passage?A. The Eye as the Window to the Soul B. Cultural Differences in Reading EmotionsC. Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills D. How to Increase
37、 Cross-cultural Understanding,a new report,explains why,Passage 4 (10福建B篇) Forget Twitter and Facebook, Google and the Kindle. Television is still the most influential medium around. Indeed ,for many of the poorest regions(地区)of the world, it remains the next big thingfinally becomes globally availa
38、ble. And that is a good thing, because the TV revolution is changing lives for the better. Across the developing world, around 45% of families had a TV in 1995; by 2005 the number had climbed above 60%. 。 Televisions most powerful effect will be on the lives of women. In India, 。 Too much TV has bee
39、n associated with violence, overweight and loneliness. However, TV is having a positive influence on the lives of billions worldwide.,_,63.What would be the best title for the passage? A.TV Will Rule the World B.TV Will Disturb the World C.TV Will Better the World D.TV Will Remain in World,However,_
40、,_,Passage 5 10重庆A篇 One morning more than thirty years ago, I entered the Track Kitchen, a restaurant where everyone from the humblest(卑微的) to the most powerful came for breakfast. I noticed an empty chair next to an elderly, unshaven man, who looked somewhat disheveled. He was wearing a worn-out ha
41、t and was alone. I asked if I might join him. He agreed quietly and I sat down to have my breakfast.We cautiously began a conversation and spoke about a wide rang of things. We never introduced ourselves. I was concerned that he might have no money and not be able to afford something to eat. So as I
42、 rose to go back to the counter and buy a second cup of coffee, I asked,“My I get you something ?”“A coffee would be nice.” Then I bought him a cup of coffee, We talked more, and he accepted another cup of coffee, Finally, I rose to leave, wished him well, and headed for the exit. At the door I met
43、one of my friends. He asked,“How did you get to know Mr. Galbreath?” “Who?” “The man you were sitting with. He is chairman of the Board of Churchill Downs.” I could hardly believe it. I was buying, offering a free breakfast, and feeling pity for one of the worlds richest and most powerful men My few
44、 minutes with Mr. Galbreath changed my life. Now I try to treat everyone with respect, no matter who I think they are, and no matter another human being with kindness and sincerity.,夹叙夹议文,主题句常在哪里?,59. What is the message mainly expressed in the story?We should learn to be generous. B. It is honorabl
45、e to help those in need.C. People in high positions are not like what we expect.D. We should avoid judging people by their appearances.,_,_,_,Passage 6 2010全国卷1 C Along the river banks of the Amazon and the Orinoco there lives a bird that swims before it can fly, flies like a fat chicken, eats green
46、 leaves, has the stomach of a cow and has claws（爪）on its wings when young. They build their homes about 4.6 m above the river, an important feature （特征）for the safety of the young. It is called the hoatzin. In appearance, the birds of both sexes look very much alike with brown on the back and cream
47、and red on the underside. The head is small, with a large set of feathers on the top, bright red eyes, and blue skin. Its nearest relatives are the common bires, cuckoos. Its most striking feature, though is only found in the young. Baby hoatzins have a claw on the leading edge of each wing and anot
48、her at the end of each wing tip. Using these four claws, together with the beak(喙)，they can climb about in the bushes, looking very much like primitive bires must have done. When the young hoatzins have learned to fly, they lost their claws. the drier months between December and March hoatzins fly a
49、bout the forest in groups of 20:00 , but in April, when the rainy season begins, they collect together in smaller living units of two seven birds for producing purposes.63.What is the test mainy about?A.Hoatzins in dry and rainy seasons.B.The relatives and enemies of hoatzins.C.Primitive birds and h
50、oatzins of the Amazon.D.The appearance and living babits of hoatzins.,第一段主题不明显，须关注每段的段意,Passage 7 2010安徽 E The need to feed a growing population is putting much pressure on the worlds supply of water. With 97% of the worlds water too salty to be drunk or used in agriculture, the worldwide supply of
