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1、简单句之一,主语+谓语+宾语I bought a very good book yesterday.主语 谓语 宾语 时间状语我们知道：名词，代词，动词-ing形式或者to do形式都可以做宾语。例如：buy a book， like him， stop doing sth， want to do sth. 等。这些例子中的宾语都是用一个单词或者短语来表达的。,但是，如果你想要表达“我知道你昨天看电影了”时，我们就无法在know后用一个简单的单词表达“你昨天看电影了”这个结构中的本身完整的一个句子，此时我们就只能用句子表达。 那这种放在动词后面做宾语的句子，即“宾语从句”。,宾语从句,概念：句
2、子的宾语一般由名词、代词、动名词或动词不定式充当，当一 个句子充当宾语时,我们把这个句子叫做宾语从句。（一般句子的主要成分都是主语谓语宾语，从句的意思是句子里面还有句子，宾语从句就是说由一段句子作宾语的句子）宾语从句的三要点： 1、引导词 2、从句语序 3、从句的时态,不同引导词引导的宾语从句,宾语从句可分为三类1. 从属连词that引导的宾语从句2.从属连词if,whether引导的宾语从句 that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句 而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句.,2. 由连接代词 Who,whom,whose,which， what 和连接副词 where,how,why,wh
3、en引导的宾语从句在疑问词引导的宾语从句中，一定要用陈述语序。,由从属连词that引导的宾语从句,e.g. I hear (that) he will be back in an hour . （我听说一小时后他会回来）He said (that) he missed us very much. （他说他非常想念我们）The teacher told us (that) the earth moves around the sun. （老师告诉我们地球围着太阳转）,由从属连词that引导的宾语从句注：that 在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分，在口语中that往往可以省略,当谓语动词表示
4、肯定的概念，如“希望”“相信”“知道”或“说”时，起后面的句子一般用that引导。例如：I hope (that) it will snow this winter.I believe (that) we shall become good friends.Betty thinks (that) trees can improve the air.,当主句的谓语是think , believe 等动词时，某后作宾语的that从句如果否定意义，通常将否定词not移至主句动词之前。,否定转移,I dont think he is having a meeting .I dont believe (
5、that) we shall become good friends.,由从属连词that引导的宾语从句,温馨提示：并非所有的动词后面都可以接that引导的宾语从句。常接that引导的宾语从句的谓语动词有：believe, expect（希望）, explain（解释）, feel, hear, hope, imagine（猜想）, prefer（提出）, promise（承诺）, report（报告）, say, see, tell, think, understand, warn（提醒）, wish等。,由从属连词whether, if 引导的宾语从句,如果要表达像“他不知道他们周六是否会
6、去植树”或“我记不清以前是否见过他”这样的不确定的概念时，从句就要用whether或if来引导，不能用that。例如：He does not know whether they will plant trees on Saturday or not.He asked whether / if we will go fishing on Sunday.Tom wants to know whether/ if he needs to come early tomorrow.思考：有两个引导词，一个是whether，一个是if，应该如何选择？,注意在下列情况下一般用whether,而不用if .,
7、I am interested in whether hell go to have a picnic,作介词的宾语时，用whether，而不用if.,Whether this is true or not , I am not sure .,whether 引导的从句可移到主句之前而if不能。,注意在下列情况下一般用whether,而不用if .,3、当句末为or not时，引导词只能用whether而不能用if.I dont know whether it is going to rain or not.（是否要下雨）4、在不定式前，引导词只能用whether而不能用if.I havent
8、 made up my mind whether to go there or not.,由连接代词who, whom, whose, which, what及连接副词 when, where, how, why引导的宾语从句,1. He asked who could answer the question . (谁能回答这个问题）2. Do you know whom they are waiting for .（他们在等谁）3. He asked whose handwriting was the best in the class . （谁的书法是班上最好的）4. Please tel
9、l me when we will have a meeting . （我们什么时候开会）5. Can you tell me where he is . （他在哪儿）6. Could you tell me how I can get to the station . （我该怎么去车站）7. Would you tell me why the train is late .（为什么火车迟到了）,二、从句语序：一律用陈述语序 主句+引导词+主语+谓语动词+其他,He asked me when I arrived in Shanghai .I want to know where they w
10、ill go.Could you tell me what you are reading?I dont know where he lives.,请注意看红色字体的语序,e.g: Could you tell me how I can get to the Science Museum ? He asked him where he came from . Did you know whats the name of the handsome boy in the classroom yesterday？ Please tell me where I can buy the beautifu
11、l flower .,三.主从句的时态呼应,1.主句是一般现在时，从句可以用任何时态。2.主句是一般过去时, 从句用过去范畴的时态。3.主句是一般过去时，但从句表达的是客观真 理或自然现象时，仍然用一般现在时。e.g: He says that he is reading a book now. He said that he would work hard. They said they had been to France. The students asked me if the earth goes round the sun.,具体的时态的变化,1.当主句是一般现在时，宾语从句的时态
12、不作限制，我们可以根据句子的意思来使用需要的任何一种时态。 e.g： I hear ( that ) Tom has been to Guilin twice . I hear ( that ) she will come tomorrow .I hear ( that ) Jim went to work an hour ago . I hear ( that ) he is interested in English .,2.当主句是一般过去时的时候，宾语从句必须运用相应的过去的某一种时态，从而达到主句和从句的相互一致。e.g ：He said ( that ) he would go t
13、o Xian.He said ( that ) he was ill yesterday.He said ( that ) he was reading a book. He said ( that ) he had had supper already.3.当宾语从句说明的是客观存在的事实或者是客观存在的真理时，就不用受到主句时态的限制，仍是用一般现在时态。 e.g：He said that the sun is much bigger than the moon. The teacher told the students that light travels faster than so
14、und. The PE teacher said that doing morning exercise is useful to our health .,四.宾语从句的标点符号,标点符号 ：宾语从句末尾的标点符号由主句决定，不受从句的限制。如果主句是陈述句或者是祈使句时用句号；而主句是疑问句时，句末则用问号。 e.g：He asked me if / whether I could help him . Do you know where Li Ping is ? Please tell me which colour you like best . Would you please te
15、ll the teacher how old you are ?,Practice,1In the bookshop，a reader asked the shop-keeper _ Who Moved My Cheese was interesting. Aif Bhow Cwhat,2I dont know _ Mr Green will come to see us He will help us with our English Awhy Bwhen Chow Dwhere,3We never know _ the old man is They say he is a teacher
16、 Awhat Bwho Cwhich Dwhere,4Could you tell me _ ? Im going to see him Sorry，I dont know A. where does Mr Li live B. where did Mr Li live C. Where Mr Li lives D. where MrLi lived,Direct speech 直接引语 Reported speech间接引语.,直接引述别人的话，要加引号,用自己的话转述别人的话，不用引号,The boy said ,“ Im reading a book.”,Direct speech 直接
17、引语,The boy said (that) he was reading a book.,Reported speech间接引语.,直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系,陈述句变为that引导的宾语从句,e.g. 1. He said, “You are younger than I ”. 2. He says, “Tom is a good student ”.,He said（that） I was younger than him.,He says （that） Tom is a good student.,人称变化,一主 She said. My brother wants to go
18、 with me tomorrw. She said her brother wanted to go with her the next day.二宾 Jack said to me,“You look worried today.” Jack told me that I looked worried that day.三不变 The teacher said,“Lily is a good student.” The teacher said that Lily was a good student.,1 陈述句 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导（that在口语中
19、常省略）一般现在时 He said, “ I can do well in English.”现在进行时 He said, “Im writing a letter.” 一般将来时 Tom said to me “I will call you tomorrow”,一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时, He said that he could do well in English., He said that he was writing a letter.,Tom told me that he would call me the next day.,注： 如果主句是一般现在时，直接引语变
20、间接引语时，从句的时态不变。He says, “Im not good at math. ”,He says that he is not good at math.,记住： 动词时态的变化,记住：指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化,this,that,these,those,now,then,that day,today,yesterday,the day before,tomorrow,the next day,next week（month，year）,the next week(month, year),here,there,come,go,this week,that week
21、,注意：(1) 当转述客观真理时，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：1.Hesaid ,“Themoonmovesaroundtheearth. He saidthatthemoonmovesaroundtheearth. (2)为了表示引述的状态和情况到现在仍然是事实时，也经常用一般现在时。 My teacher said, “Tom is a good student. ” My teacher said Tom is a good student.,I can speak three languages.,He said he could speak three languages.
22、,What did he say?,What did they say?They said they were having a party for Lana.,she was hard-working,I am hard-working.,What did she say?,She said,she was not lazy.,What did she say?,She said,I am not lazy.,he was good at playing basketball.,What did he say?,He said,Im good at playing basketball.,I
23、 am good at English.,She said she was good at English.,What did she say?,What did she say?,I do well in English.,She said she did well in English.,do well in,I do well in English.,I go to beach every Sunday.,What did he say?He said he_.,went to beach every Sunday,What did she say?She said she_.,woul
24、d call me tomorrow,I will call you tomorrow.,将下列直接引语的句子改写为间接引语:1. Lana said, Im going to have a surprise party for Maria. Lana said that she was going to have a surprise party for Maria.,2. The teacher said, My students are hard-working. The teacher said that his/ her students were hardworking.3. To
25、m told Jane, I will lend my bicycle to you. Tom told Jane that he would lend his bicycle to her/Jane.,5.Shesaidtohim,“Itstime to go home.”,4.Mr.Wangsaid,“IwillleaveforShanghainextmonth.”,Mr.WangsaidthathewouldleaveforShanghaithenextmonth.,Shetoldhimthatitwastime to go home.,直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系,一般疑问句变为
26、if (whether)引导的宾语从句,e.g. She said, “ Do you often come here to read newspaper? ” “Will they go to visit the Great Wall?” he asked.,She asked if (whether) I often came here to read newspaper.,He asked if (whether) they would go to visit the Great Wall.,2. 直接引语如果是疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序。 1）一般疑问句。用w
27、hether或if(是否）引导。主句中的动词是said时改为asked。Eg. Hesaid,“Areyouastudent?” 疑问语序,Heasked mewhether /if Iwasastudent.,陈述语序,一般疑问句变成if/whether引导的宾语从句。,1.He said,“Can you swim,John?”,He asked John if he could swim.,2.The teacher said,“Have you all understood me?”,The teacher asked if we had all understood him.,If/
28、whether的用法主要区别点: whether可与or (not)连用I dont know whether he will come or not.I dont know if/whether he will come.,直接引语变间接引语与宾语从句的关系,e.g. 1. He asked, “Where do you live?” 2. “How can we get to the post-office?” he asked.,He asked where I lived.,He asked how they could get to the post-office.,2) 特殊疑问句
29、:由直接引语变为间接引语时, 仍用原来的疑问词引导.要把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序。Eg.“Whereareyougoing?”Fatheraskedhisson.Eg.The policeman asked the small boy, “Where do you live?”,The policeman asked the small boy where he lived.,Father asked his son where he was going,疑问语序,陈述语序,疑问语序,陈述语序,三.特殊疑问句变为由who/what/when等 疑问词引导的宾语从句。,1.George said
30、,“When will you get back from Shanghai,Mike?”,George asked Mike when he would get back from Shanghai.,2.He said,“Where are you going?”,He asked where I was going.,3. 当直接引语是祈使句，变为间接引语时,间接祈使句的引述动词常用tell, ask, order, 等, 而把直接引语的祈使句变成带 (not) to的不定式短语。句型：tell/ask/order sb (not)to do sth,1. The teacher sai
31、d to the students, “Stop talking.”老师对学生们说: “不要讲话了。”The teacher told the students to stop talking. 老师让学生们不要说话了。2.The teacher said to us,”Dont play in class.The teacher told/asked us not to play in class.,练习：,1.The teacher said to the boy,“Open the window .”,The teacher told the boy to open the window
32、.,2.His father said to him,“Dont leave the door open.”,His father told him not to leave the door open.,change the direct speech into reported speech,1 The girl said,“I will have a party.”The girl said (that) she would have a party.2 He asked me,“Is your father a doctor?”He asked me if /whether my fa
33、ther was a doctor.3 The police asked the man ,“Where are you going?”The police asked the man where he was going.,4 Mother said to Tom,“get up earlier!”Mother told/asked Tom to get up earlier.5 The teacher said to us,“ Dont talk in class!” The teacher told /asked us not to talk in class.6 The teacher
34、 said,“ The moon goes around the earth.”The teacher said(that) the moon goes around the earth.,1. “I am good at English ,” Lucy said.2. “Li Lei is reading a book,” Peter said to Lucy.3. “We will have a football match,” he told his mother.,Lucy said she was good at English.,Peter told Lucy that Li Le
35、i was reading a book.,He told his mother they would have a football match .,二. 把下列句子变为间接引语。,4. “They go to school every day except Saturday and Sunday,” the boy said.,The boy said they went to school every day except Saturday and Sunday.,5. She asked me, Why do you want to do this? She asked me why I wanted to do that.,Summary1当直接引语是陈述句：由( that) 引导主语（said) that+句子（时态往过去推 told 2 当直接引语是一般疑问句: 用 if引导 whether主语（asked) if +一般疑问句(主谓结构） whether,3.当直接引语是特殊疑问句时，用原来的特殊疑问词引导（what / where等）主语 asked+ what 特殊疑问句（主谓） where4当直接引语是祈使句时用句型：主语+ told sb (not)to do sth asked ordered,
