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1、病理学导论医学知识讲座,病理学导论医学知识讲座,病 理 学 导 论,病理学的定义 病理学发展简史病理学的分支学科病理学的研究方法,病 理 学 导 论病理学的定义,Definition of Pathology,The word “Pathology” is derived from two Greek word -pathos meaning sufferinglogos meaning study,Definition of PathologyThe wor,Definition of Pathology,Pathology is scientific study of structure
2、and function of the body in disease.It deals with causes, effects, mechanisms and nature of disease.,Definition of PathologyPatholo,The knowledge and understanding of pathology is essential for all would-be doctors as well as general practitioners and specialists since unless they know the causes an
3、d mechanisms of disease and understand the language spoken by the pathologist in the form of laboratory reports, they would not be able to institute appropriate treatment or suggest preventive measures to the patient.,The knowledge and understandin,For the medical student, the discipline of patholog
4、y forms a vital bridge between initial learning phase of preclinical science and the final phase of clinical subjects.,For the medical student, the d,病理学发展简史,从宗教迷信走向理性探索(Antiquity to AD 1500)大体病理学时期 (AD 1500 to 1800)细胞病理学时期 (AD 1800 to 1950s)现代病理学时期 (1950s to dawn of 21st century),病理学发展简史从宗教迷信走向理性探索
5、(Antiquity t,从宗教迷信走向理性探索 (Antiquity to AD 1500),Hippocrates (Greece) 460-377 BCPermanently dissociated medicine from religious mysticism. Started study of patients symptoms as method of diagnosis.Stressed moralistic attitude for practice of medicine (Hippocratic oath)Cornelius Celsus (Rome) 53 BC-7
6、ADDescribed 4 cardinal signs of inflammation (redness, heat, swelling, pain),从宗教迷信走向理性探索 (Antiquity to AD,Hippocrates (Greece) 460-377 BC,Hippocrates (Greece) 460-377,大体病理学时期 (AD 1500 to 1800),Giovanni B Morgagni (Italy) 1682-1771Introduced clinicopathologic correlation (CPC) in the study of disease
7、 (cause, lesions, symptoms, outcome) John Hunter (Scotland) 1728-1793Introduced pathology museum in the study of disease.R.T.H. Laennec (France) 1781-1826Described several lung diseases such as various tuberculous lesions of lungs, bronchiectasis. Described cirrhosis of liver (later called Laennecs
8、cirrhosis).Invented stethoscope.,大体病理学时期 (AD 1500 to 1800)Giova,John Hunter (Scotland) 1728-1793,John Hunter (Scotland) 1728-1,R.T.H. Laennec (France) 1781-1826,R.T.H. Laennec (France) 1781-1,细胞病理学时期 (AD 1800 to 1950s),Rudolf Virchow (Germany) 1821-1905Father of cellular pathologyIntroduced histopat
9、hology as a diagnostic branch by his cellular theoryGeorge N. Papanicolaou (USA) 1883-1962Father of exfoliative cytology Developed Pap smear for detection of cervical cancer in 1930s,细胞病理学时期 (AD 1800 to 1950s)Rudo,Rudolf Virchow (Germany) 1821-1905,Rudolf Virchow (Germany) 1821,George N. Papanicolao
10、u (USA) 1883-1962,George N. Papanicolaou (USA) 1,现代病理学时期 (1950s to dawn of 21st century),Watson and Crick 1953Described the structure of DNANowell and Hagerford 1960Philadelphia chromosome in CML i.e. t(9;22)Gall and Pardue 1969In Situ HybridizationKary Mullis 1983Introduced polymerase chain reactio
11、n (PCR),现代病理学时期 (1950s to dawn of 21s,著名病理学家 梁伯强教授 1899-1968,著名病理学家 梁伯强教授 1899-1968,著名病理学家 秦光煜教授 1902-1969,著名病理学家 秦光煜教授 1902-1969,病理学的分支学科,General Pathology - dealing with general principles of diseaseSystemic Pathology - includes study of diseases pertaining to the specific organs and body systems,
12、病理学的分支学科General Pathology -,General Pathology (总论),细胞、组织的适应与损伤损伤的修复局部血液循环障碍炎症肿瘤免疫性疾病,General Pathology (总论)细胞、组织的适应,Systemic Pathology (各论),心血管系统疾病呼吸系统疾病消化系统疾病淋巴造血系统疾病泌尿系统疾病生殖系统疾病内分泌系统疾病神经系统疾病,Systemic Pathology (各论)心血管系统疾病,病理学的分支学科,Histo-PathologyExperimental PathologyMolecular Pathology Chemical P
13、athologyGeographic Pathology ImmunologyHaematologyMedical Genetics,病理学的分支学科Histo-Pathology,实验病理学Experimental Pathology 19世纪法国生理学家Claude Bernard首创了实验病理学,在动物身上研究疾病的动态变化以及病因和发病机理,揭示疾病发生发展的规律。,实验病理学Experimental Pathology,实验病理学研究方法 1动物实验(animal experiment) 2组织和细胞培养(tissue and cell culture),实验病理学研究方法 1动物实
14、验(animal expe,3其它研究技术 (1)流式细胞术(flowcytometry,FCM)(2)图像分析技术(Image analysis,IA)(3)激光扫描共聚焦显微术(Confocal laser scanning microscope,CLSM)(4)生物芯片技术(biochip technique) (5)激光显微切割技术(laser capture microdesection,LCM)(6)原位分子杂交技术(in situ hybridization,ISH)(7)荧光原位分子杂交染色体分析技术(FISH)(8)比较基因组杂交技术(CGH),3其它研究技术 (1)流式细胞
15、术(flowcytomet,分子病理学Molecular Pathology 分子病理学是现代分子生物学与传统病理学相互融合而形成的一门新兴学科,旨在探讨疾病发生过程中可能出现的分子事件,以及这些事件与疾病发生的关系,并最终揭示疾病发生的根本机制。,分子病理学Molecular Pathology,病理学导论医学知识讲座优质课件,Signal-transducing proteins,The BCR-ABL hybrid protein has potent, unregulated tyrosine kinase activity, which activates several pathw
16、ays, including the Ras-Raf cascade.A cell with BCR-ABL fusion gene is dysregulated in two ways: inappropriate tyrosine kinase activity leads to growth autonomy, while simultaneously apoptosis is impaired.,Signal-transducing proteinsThe,Signal-transducing proteins,The crucial role of BCR-ABL in trans
17、formation has been confirmed by the dramatic clinical response of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia after therapy with an inhibitor of the BCR-ABL fusion kinase called imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) .,Signal-transducing proteinsThe,病理学的研究方法,尸体剖验 Autopsy活体组织检查 Biopsy细胞学检查 Cytology,病理学的研究方法尸体剖验 Auto
18、psy,尸体剖验 Autopsy 简称尸检,即对死者的遗体进行病理解剖,是病理学的基本研究方法之一。,尸体剖验 Autopsy 简称尸检,即对死者的遗体,尸体剖验的意义,确定病变,查明死因发现和确诊传染病、地方病、流行病和新发生的疾病积累各种疾病的人体病理材料,尸体剖验的意义确定病变,查明死因,Coronary thrombosis, gross,Coronary thrombosis, gross,Coronary thrombosis, gross,Coronary thrombosis, gross,.,Acute myocardial infarction, gross,. Acute
19、 myocardial infarction,.,Acute myocardial infarction, gross,. Acute myocardial infarction,Pulmonary thromboembolus, gross,Pulmonary thromboembolus, gros,Pulmonary thromboembolus, gross,Pulmonary thromboembolus, gros,Pulmonary thromboembolus, gross,Pulmonary thromboembolus, gros,病理学导论医学知识讲座优质课件,代偿性肥大
20、Hypertrophy, heart, gross,代偿性肥大Hypertrophy, heart, gros,Fatty metamorphosis of liver, gross,Fatty metamorphosis of liver,活体组织检查 Biopsy 简称活检,即用局部切取、钳取、细针穿刺、搔刮和摘取等手术方法从患者活体获取病变组织进行病理诊断。,活体组织检查 Biopsy 简称活检,即用局,活体组织检查的意义,作出准确病理诊断,指导治疗和估计预后冰冻切片可快速诊断,协助选择手术治疗方案定期活检可连续了解病变的发展,判断疗效,活体组织检查的意义作出准确病理诊断,指导治疗和估计
21、预后,为临床选择治疗方案提供依据明确病因(肿瘤或炎症)治疗方案 良性肿瘤或恶性肿瘤确定手术范围 良性病变有否恶变确定手术范围 原位癌或浸润癌确定手术范围 肺小细胞癌或非小细胞癌治疗方案 淋巴瘤或其它肿瘤化疗或手术,为临床选择治疗方案提供依据,提供疾疾病严重程度及预后的信息 恶性肿瘤的组织学类型不同,预后不同 肿瘤有无转移,预后不同 有无激素受体,对治疗的敏感性和效果不同,提供疾疾病严重程度及预后的信息,帮助临床判断疗效 肝穿刺判断肝炎的治疗效果 移植后穿刺判断移植物情况、有无排斥 骨髓穿刺白血病治疗疗效, 骨髓移植后情况,帮助临床判断疗效,活体组织检查的步骤,取材、固定脱水、浸蜡包埋、切片染色
22、、封片阅片诊断病理报告,活体组织检查的步骤取材、固定,取材,取材,固定、脱水、浸蜡,固定、脱水、浸蜡,包埋,包埋,切片,切片,贴片,贴片,HE染色,HE染色,封片,封片,阅片诊断,阅片诊断,细胞学检查 Cytology 通过采集病变处的细胞涂片染色后进行诊断。细胞学检查除用于病人外,还用于肿瘤的普查。此法设备简单,操作简便,病人痛苦少而易于接受。,细胞学检查 Cytology 通过采集病变,细胞的来源: 女性生殖道、口腔、食管、鼻咽部等 自然分泌物(如痰、乳腺溢液、前列腺液等) 体液(如胸腹腔积液、心包积液和脑脊液等) 排泄物(如尿液中的细胞) 内窥镜采集或刷取的细胞(如食管拉网、纤支镜刷片)
23、 细针直接穿刺病变部位(如前列腺、肝、肾、胰腺、乳腺、甲状腺、淋巴结等)所吸取的细胞。,细胞的来源: 女性生殖道、口腔、食管、鼻咽部等,尿液脱落细胞学,尿液脱落细胞学,组织化学和细胞化学 一般称为特殊染色,通过应用某些能与组织细胞化学成分特异性结合的显色试剂,定位定性显示病变组织细胞的特殊化学成分(如蛋白质、酶类、核酸、糖类、脂类等),同时又能保存组织细胞原有的形态特征。,组织化学和细胞化学 一般称为特殊染色,通过应用某些能,Amyloid deposition, Congo red stain, microscopic,Amyloid deposition, Congo red,Hemosi
24、derin deposition in renal tubules, iron stain, microscopic,Hemosiderin deposition in rena,免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry,IHC) 免疫组织化学是利用抗原抗体的特异性反应来定位组织和细胞中某种化学成分的一种组织化学方法。 免疫组织化学技术在临床上主要用于肿瘤的病理诊断和鉴别诊断。但必须密切结合光镜的组织形态特点和临床表现进行分析。,免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry,I,免疫荧光技术原理,免疫荧光技术原理,免疫酶技术原理,免疫酶技术原理,肺鳞癌/P53,肺鳞癌/P53,肝炎 /HBsAg,肝炎 /HBsAg,乳腺导管癌 /ER,乳腺导管癌 /ER,超微结构(ultrstructure) 电子显微镜(电镜)较光学显微镜的分辨力高千倍以上,可用于观察细胞的亚细胞结构(如细胞器、细胞骨架等)或大分子水平的变化,在疾病的病理诊断中,电镜观察主要用于肾脏的细针穿刺活检标本,进行肾小球肾炎的分型。,超微结构(ultrstructure) 电子显微镜,再 见,病理学导论医学知识讲座优质课件,