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1、conclusion,第11小组：组长：英语14103班 燕子组员：英语14101班 郑慧敏、张莹 英语14102班 高媛 英语14104班 朱瑜、周霞,Review,Chapter 1 Culture and Culture Identity,Culture is both visible and invisible.Culture is the deposit of values, norms, beliefs and social practices that are based on from generation to generation.Everyone has a cultur
2、al identity, but as there are different cultures within culture, people maybe members of various sub-cultures or co-cultures.Culture is not monolithic but an ever-changing and dynamic entity.,Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication,Culture and communication are inextricably interwove
3、n because we share culture through communication.Edward T. Halls well-known cultural pattern theory “High-context and Low-context culture”.The link between communication and intercultural communication as well as the distinction between verbal and nonverbal communication. Different cultures in commu
4、nication: easternthe interpersonal function of communicationbuilding a relationship westernthe instrumental function of communicationexchanging ideas,Chapter 3 Verbal Intercultural Communication,Verbal communication is essential in intercultural communication and translation problems usually give ri
5、se to linguistic barriers in intercultural communication.Learning a language is requires learning cultural because language is just a set of arbitrary symbols.Differences in languages represents basic differences in worldviews.We need to be fully aware of verbal and written differences across cultur
6、es so as to avoid miscommunication.Western cultural tend to be more analytical, rational, objective and precise. Eastern culture is more likely to be synthetic, intuitive, subjective and vague.,Chapter 4 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication,Nonverbal communication refers to intentional use of nonsp
7、oken symbols to communicate a specific message.Misunderstand are likely to occur, especially when we communicate with people from different cultures because we do not share the share the same nonverbal codes. Cross-cultural differences in nonverbal codes are important because nonverbal behaviour is
8、not universal.By understanding differences in nonverbal behaviour, we gather clues about underlying attitudes and values. We become conscious of our ethnocentric behaviours when we judge other gestures, facial expressions, posture, and even silence.,Chapter 5 Intercultural Communication Barriers,Cul
9、ture bias is everywhere and within everyone so we must to be carefully sensitive to differences across cultures and make a conscious effort to avoid emotional and attitudinal barriers to communicate.How to overcome intercultural communication barriers by emotional barriers and attitudinal barriers?1
10、) Raise awareness so as to be conscious of ones values and biases and their effect;2) become comfortable with differences and welcome them;3) obtain knowledge;4) communication with people from different cultures;5) be motivated to learn about other cultures;6) acquire intercultural communication ski
11、lls.,Chapter 6 The Hidden Core of Culture,Worldview is our shared outlook on the world as a culture. As the ore part of culture, it guides our ways of thinking and acting. The two basic worldviews, the dualistic and the holistic, account for many of the differences between east and west.Values are s
12、tandards, social criteria by which behavours are judged.The major culture differences between east and west:In general, eastern cultures value unity, collectivity,history and tradition while western cultures places more weight on opposites, individuality, equality, and the present.,Hidden core of cu
13、lture Our patterns of benaviours are largely influenced by the hidden values of our culture. Thus, misrepresentations and misinterpretations in intercultural transactions are the consequences of ignorance about one anothers predominating worldviews and cultural values. In order to speak and act prop
14、erly and appropriately in intercultural communication, we need to understand value orientations across cultures and we need to be able to negotiate between patterns of behaviour.,Two well-known cultural pattern theories:Kluckhohn & Strodtbecks “Values Orientation”Geert Hofstedes “Dimensions of Cultu
15、ral Variability”,Chapter 7 Social Interaction Customs,Different culture have different customs regarding greetings and farewells, invitations and responses, appointments and visiting, and compliments and responses. Etiquette and hospitality also differ across cultures. We need to be familiar with di
16、fferent social interaction customs in order to avoid cross-cultural misunderstandings.,Cultural has great influence on social interaction customs which determine peoples social behaviours; thus, an approprite behaviour in one culture may seem extremely odd extremely odd even offensives in another cu
17、lture. Social behaviours such as greetings and farewells, invitations and responses, appointments and visiting, compliments and responses are effective ways to establish and maintain social contact.,Chapter 8 Interpersonal Relationships,Cross-culture differences in family relationships as well as fr
18、iendships.Interpersonal relationships: Its connection between two or more people in specific social and cultural contexts. these contexts from family relationships and friendships to relationship between teachers and students and employers and employees.,Chapter 9 Culture Shock and Intercultural Ada
19、ptation,Symptoms: physical and psychological problems encountered during acculturation, such as allergies, insomnia, depression, vulnerability and so on.,In order to ensure a smooth transition, we need to develop strategies for avoiding culture shock and engaging in intercultural adaptation.,Accultu
20、ration refers to the socialisation process we go through when we learn another culture and adopt its norms and values. Acculturation comprises assimilation, integration, Separation and marginalisation. Entering a new culture can be a traumatising experience for everyone but culture shock is usually
21、a short-term feeling of confusion and frustration. After a period of adjustment, it is natural to undergo a long-term period of intercultural adaptation. Once we get that feeling of belongoing, we naturally develop a bicultural identity, preserving some attitudes and behaviours from our native cultu
22、re while accepting new attitudes and behaviours from the host culture.,Chapter 10 Intercultural Communication Competence,Intercultural Communication Competence: The ability to function effectively and appropriately in an intercultural communication context. It is the ability to understand and adapt
23、to the target culture . It also refers to sensitivity to cultural diversity.Knowledge refers to what we know about the communication context , including information of ones own culture and the other culture . It enables us to say the right thing at the right time .,Motivation as a communicator you h
24、ave a positive attitude toward the communication event and you are willing to make an effort toward constructive results.Skills and strategies the specific behaviours you engage in to accomplish your goals. They are meant to be adjusted as communicators face people from cultures different from their
25、 own.,A Final Note,Learned :Firstly, intercultural communication is contextual; it depends on relationships and situations within which communication occurs.Secondly, intercultural communication competence requires behaviors that are appropriate and effective.Thirdly, intercultural communication com
26、petence requires sufficient knowledge, suitable motivations, and skilled actions.,Skills :Self-awareness (using knowledge about yourself to deal with situation )Self-respect (confidence in what you think, feel and do)Interaction skills (capability to communicate with people effectively)Empathy (bein
27、g able to see and feel things from the others perspective)Adaptability (tendency to adjust to new situations and norms quickly)Initiative (being open to new situations and motivated to learn )Acceptance (being tolerant and accepting unfamiliar things),I hope you are on the way to becoming a proficie
28、nt intercultural communicator by:optimizing your verbal and nonverbal skills in English;being familiar with different communication styles;developing social skills and communication strategies;widening your view of cultural identity;minimising anxiety and uncertainty levels;overcoming racism and prejudice;avoiding stereotyping and ethnocentrism;promoting tolerance and acceptance towards others;accepting acculturation and accommodating multiculturalism.,
