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1、Chapter 5Functional Theories of Translation,by Group 4,Introduction,The 1970s and 1980s saw a static move away from the linguistic typologies of translation shifts and emergence and flourshing inGermany of a functionlist and communicative approach to the analysis of translation. In this chapter, we
2、look at: Katharina Reisss early work on text type and language function; Justa Holz-Mnttris theory of translational action; Hans J. Vermeers Skopos theory which centered on the purpose of the TT; Christiane Nords more detailed text-analysis model which contunued the functionalist tradition in the 19
3、90s.,德国功能学派翻译理论,德国功能派翻译理论的形成历经四个发展阶段，主要包括：凯瑟林娜赖斯(Katharina Reiss)的功能主义翻译批评理论汉斯费米尔(Hans Vermeer)的目的论贾斯塔赫兹曼塔利(Holz-Mnttri) 的翻译行为理论克里斯蒂安诺德(Christiane Nord)的功能加忠诚理论。,Major Representatives,Justa Holz-Mnttri（贾斯塔赫兹曼塔利）,Katharina Reiss,Katharina Reiss(1859-1924) was born in Ulm, Germany and died in Renchen,
4、 Germany. She married August Berger on May 6, 1889.,Her work builds on the views the text, rather than the word or sentence, as the level at which communication is achieved and at which equivalence must be sought. (P73),Text Type (P73),Classification of texts as:Plain communication of facts Informat
5、iveCreative composition ExpressiveInducing behavioral responses OperativeAudiomedial texts,Functional characteristics of text types and links to translation methods (P74),informative,-,expressive,Operative,reference work report lecture,biography play poem,operating instructionstourist brochureoffici
6、al speech satire,sermonelectoral speechadvertisement,Reisss text types and text varieties,Specific translation methods suggested by her (P75),The TT of an informative text should transmit the full referential of conceptual content of the ST.The TT of an expressive text should transmit the aesthetic
7、and artistic form of the ST.The TT of an operative text should produce the desired response in the TT receiver.Audio-medial texts require the “supplementary” method., Intralinguistic criteria: semantic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic features; Extralinguistic criteria: situation, subject field,
8、time, place, receiver, sender and “affective implications” (humour, irony, emotion, etc.).,Intralinguistic and Extralinguistic Instruction Criteria (P75),Criticisms of Reisss Work (P76),Fawcett : why there should only be three types of language function;Nord: feeling the need to add a fourth phatic
9、function ,covering language that establishes or maintains contact between the parties involved in the communication; Others：how Reisss proposed translation methods are to be applied in the case of a specific text.,Justa Holz-Mnttris theory of translational action takes into account practical issues
10、while, at the same time, places the emphasis firmly on the reader of the TT. This means, for example, that things like the source text type may be altered，if it is deemed to be inappropriate for the target culture.,Translational Action,(P77),Translational action views translation as purpose-driven,
11、outcome-oriented human interaction and focuses on the process of translation as message-transmitter compounds(信息翻译综合体）involving intercultural transfer.,Translational Action (P77),A communicative process involves:The initiator (翻译的发起者)The commissioner (委托人)The ST producer (原文生产者)The TT producer (译文生产
12、者）The TT user (译文使用者)The TT receiver (译文接受者),Translatorial action focuses very much on producing a TT that is functionally communicative for the receiver, the ST is analyzed solely for its construction and function profile.,Pros and Cons,Some scholars praise Holz-Manttaris concept of translatorial a
13、ction for placing translation within its socialcultural context describing the professional profile of the translator.Meanwhile she also receives criticism for the complexity of its jargon and lack of cultural difference in more detail or in the kinds of terms proposed by the cultural oriented model
14、s.,Skopos Theory,Skopos aim/purpose,in 1970sin GermanyHans J. Vermeer(弗米尔）(1930-2010),Purpose of a translation& of the action of translating,Hans Vermeer,19302010德国目的学派重要创始人，杰出的语言学家，熟谙十多钟语言。德国美因茨大学和海德堡大学翻译学院教授，长期从事翻译教学研究工作。主要著作有：翻译理论文集（1983）、普通翻译理论原理(1984与其老师Reiss合著) 、目的与翻译委任论文集（1989）、翻译目的理论：正论与反论（1
15、996）,Skopos Theory,major work on it:Grundlegung einer allgemeine Translations-theorie Groundwork for a General Theory of Translation普通翻译理论原理Written by Vermeer & Katharina Reiss in 1984,determines,translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate r
16、esult,the purpose of the translation,TT/ translatum,Skopos theory predates the translational action theory, but it can be considered to be part of Holz-Mnttris theory. So why? Page 79:,Skopos theory deals with a translational action which is ST-based, which has to be negotiated and performed, and wh
17、ich has a purpose and a result( Vermeer 1989/2000:221).,Therefore， in skopos theory, knowing why an ST is to be translated and what the function of the TT will be are crucial for the translatorNote 4: in page 79 & page 199,Skopos Theory,Basic underlying “rules” of the theory: in page79A translatum (
18、TT) is determined by its skopos.A TT is an offer of information in a target culture and TL concerning an offer of information in a source culture and SL.A TT does not initiate an offer of information in a clearly reversible way.A TT must be internally coherent.A TT must be coherent with the ST.The f
19、ive rules above stand in hierarchical order, with the skopos rule predominating.,Skopos Theory,Explanation for Rule 2s importance: It relates the ST and TT to their function in their respective linguistic and cultural contexts.,translator,Key player,back,Skopos Theory,Explanation for Rule 3:The irre
20、versibility indicates that the function of a translatum in its target culture is not necessarily the same as in the source culture.,back,Skopos Theory,Rule 4 and 5：General skopos “rules” concerning how the success of the action and information transfer is to be judged:,Coherence rule连贯法则,Fidelity ru
21、le忠实法则,Intratextual coherence语内连贯,Intertextual coherence 语际连贯,The Coherence Rule,the TT “must be interpretable as coherent with the TT receivers situation” (Reiss and Vermeer 1984:113). TT Coherent TT receivers,The Fidelity Rule,There must be coherence between the translatum and the ST,the ST inform
22、ation the interpretation the information that is encoded,back,Jeremy Mundays Comments on the Skopos Theory,The hierarchical order of the rules Intertextual coherence (rule5) less important Intratextual coherence (rule 4) subordinate the skopos (rule 1),Skopos Theory,Advantage:,different purposes of
23、the same ST,different TTs,Illustration in page80,the commission,a goal the conditions under which that goal should be achieved (including deadline and fee),Skopos Theory,The nature of the TT “is primarily determined by its skopos or commission”, Adequacy comes to override equivalence as the measure
24、of the translational action.(in page 80) Functional adequacy deescribes the relations between the ST and the TT as a consequence of observing a skopos during the translation process.It is functionally and communicatively adequate.A question and a research point for us：DISCUSSION in page 88: How is a
25、dequacy is judged, and by whom?,Discussion of Skopos Theory,Nord and Schaffner Holz-ManttariPage 80 81Vermeer的目的论是在现代语言学（实用语言学、语言行为论和话语语言学）以及接受美学的启发和影响下逐步发展起来的。他突破了Reiss功能对等研究的束缚，借鉴并完善了Holt-manttari的翻译行为论，积极回应各方对目的论的质疑，使该理论逐步深入、成熟。谢天振当代国外翻译理论导读Page157,It is a general theory is in fact only valid for
26、 non-literary texts. So what about literary ones?Reisss text type approach and Vermeers skopos theory are in fact considering different functional phenomena and cannot be lumped together.Skopos theory does not pay sufficient attention to the linguistic nature of the ST nor to the reproduction of mic
27、rolevel features in the TT.,Jargon such as translatum does little to further translation theory, where workable terms already exist, and that consideration of cultural issues and differences must surely be essential. for more criticisms and Vermeers answers:page 81,Translation-oriented text analysis
28、:,Christiane Nord (1943- )Text Analysis in Translation(1988/91)翻译中的文本分析 Pays more attention to the features of the ST, i.e.interlink: extratextual factors and intratextual features in the ST(Note 6 in 82) in page 200,Two basic types of translation process, Documentary translation(文献性翻译) An instrumen
29、tal translation（工具性翻译）,Documentary translation,A document of source culture communication between the author and the ST recipient i.e. In literary translation, TT receiver get access to the idea of ST but is well aware that it is a translationLiteral translation and “exoticizing translation” i.e. Ce
30、rtain culture-specific lexical items in the ST are retained in the TT to maintain the local color of ST.,Documentary translation,source culture communication,the author,ST recipient,awareness,An instrumental translation,Serves as an independent message-transmitting instrument in a new communicative
31、action in the target cultureIntended to fulfill its communicative purpose without the recipient being aware of reading or hearing a textThe same function for both ST and TT eg: a translated computer manual or software back,An instrumental translation,target culturecommunication,A new communicative a
32、ction,fulfill its communicative purpose,unawareness,Eg: A computer manual or software,Translation as a Purposeful Activity:Functionalist Approaches Explained,目的性行为析功能翻译理论上海外语教育出版社,Three aspects of functionalist approaches,The importance of translation commission,The role of ST analysis,the functiona
33、l hierarchy of translation problems,The importance of the translation commission page 82,The translator needs to compare ST and TT profiles defined in the translation commission.,The answer given by Pro. Nord is in page 82-83 with an example to ellaberate.,The intended text function,The addresses(th
34、e sender and recipient),The time and place of text reception,The medium(speech and writing),The motive(why the ST was written and why it is being translated),Case study in page84 is provided for your better understanding.,The role of ST analysis (MODELNords list of intratextual factors 文本内因素) page 8
35、3,subject mattercontent: connotation & cohesionpresuppositions 假设composition 文本成分: microstructure & macrostructurenon-verbal elements: illustrations, italicslexic词汇: dialect, register and specific terminologysentence structureSuprasegmental features超语段特征: stress, rhythm and “stylistic punctuation”文体
36、上的标点,The functional hierarchy of translation problems page 83,the intended functiondocumentary or instrumental After analysis of the translation commission, functional elements are needed to be adapted to the TT addressees situation.Translation type decides translation styleThe problems of the text
37、can then be tackled at a lower linguistic level,Looping Model by Nord,源语文化情景 （SC-situation） 源语文本 （Source Text）源语文本分析ST Analysis）,目标文本目的分析（Analysis of TT Skopos）,译语文化情境（TC-Situation）,译语文本（Target Text）,与翻译有关的源文成分（Translation-relevant ST-elements）,转换（Transfer）,目标文本合成（TT Synthesis）,ST analysis: page 85,
38、Nord stresses that it doesnt matter which text-linguistic model is used. (p83)What is important is that it includes a pragmatic analysis of the communicative situations involved and that the same model be used for both ST and translation brief(翻译指令), thus making the results comparable.Pragmatic-orie
39、nted analysis:,For details about those elements, you could read more in page 85.,Mundays comments: page 83-84,The translation commission analysis follows up Holz-Mnttriswork on the players within the translational action.The intended text functions pursue Reiss and Vermeers skopos, but without givin
40、g overall dominance to the skopos.The ST analysis gives due attention to the communicative function and genre features of the ST type and language, but without rigidity of other taxonomies.Nords model, designed for training translators, retains the functional context but includesmore detailed ST ana
41、lysis.,Summary: Chapter 5,1970s-1980s: functionalist and communicative translation theories,Translation:,Linguistic phenomenon,An act of intercultural communication,in page 87,Reiss: text type(why three types?Vermeer: skopos theoryManttari: theory of translational action Nord: translation-oriented t
42、ext analysis,Discussions in page 87-88,Thank you all for your patience!,小组成员：,徐晔 韩露 韩杨 侯敏 兰彩云 刘小玲 张婷婷 吴琼 曹雯 李莉,page 199,Vermeer(1989/2000:224)states that the skopos can be considered in three ways:the translation process;the translatum itself;the translation mode and intention;A single text may have sections that exhibit various different aim or sub-skopos.,Note 6,Nords model of ST analysis is based on the so-called New Rhetoric formula,a series of what question(who says what in which channel to whom with what effect?)quoted in Nord(1991:36).,
