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1、Blood, Lymph and Immune Systems,Chapter 10,Blood, Lymph and Immune System,Blood,hem/o and hemat/oplasma - 55%formed elements - 45%serum - plasma without clotting proteins,Bloodhem/o and hemat/o,Blood Cells,RBC - erythrocytes - erythropoiesisWBC - leukocytes - leukopoiesisPlatelets - thrombocytes - t
2、hrombopoiesis,Blood CellsRBC - erythrocytes,Erythrocytes,erythr/o - redcyte - cellHemoglobin - blood protein transports oxygenReticulocyte - immature erythrocyte RBCs produced by red bone marrow,Erythrocytes,Leukocytes,leuk/o - whiteProtect the body against invasionPass through capillary walls,Leuko
3、cytesleuk/o - white,Granulocytesneutrophils (phagocytosis)eosinophils (allergies)basophils (promote inflammation)Agranulocyteslymphocytes (production of circulating antibodies)monocytes (macrophages)Collection of dead and living bacteria and leukocytes called pus, abscess.,Granulocytes,Thrombocytes,
4、smallest formed elementmade in bone marrowessential to blood coagulationIf injury, blood comes in contact with any tissue other than the lining of the vessels, platelets stick together, form plug, seals wound. Chemicals released, series of reactions, formation of clot.,Thrombocytessmallest formed el
5、,Plasma,plasma92% water8% plasma proteinsalbuminglobulinfibrinogenserum - plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogen,Plasmaplasma,Functions of the Immune System,To protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substancespathogenic microorganismsallergenstoxinsmalignant cells,Functions of the
6、 Immune System,Structures of the Immune System,Unlike other body systems, Immune System is NOT contained within a single set of organs or vesselsAction depends on structures from lymphatic, cardiovascular, and Integumentary systemsWorks primarily through antigen-antibody reaction,Structures of the I
7、mmune Syste,Lymphatic System,Major structureslymph vesselslymph nodeslymph fluidtonsilsAlsospleenthymus,Lymphatic SystemMajor structur,Functions of the Lymph System,lymph/odrain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it to the bloodtransport materials (nutrients, hormones and oxygen) to body cellsca
8、rry away waste products to the blood transport lipids away from digestive systemcontrol of infection,Functions of the Lymph Systeml,Lymph System,Lymph originates in blood plasmaInterstitial fluidcleans and nourishes body tissuescollects cellular debris, bacteriareturn to blood or lymph capillaries,L
9、ymph SystemLymph originates i,Lymph Nodes,located in lymph vesselssmall round or oval structures (filters)depositories for cellular debrisbacteria and debris phagocytized,Lymph Nodeslocated in lymph ve,Lymph Nodes,inside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs (lymphocytes)almost always grouped 2 or
10、 3 to 100 invading cells destroyed in nodes and often swell as an indicator of the disease process,Lymph Nodesinside are masses o,Spleen,sac-like mass of lymphatic tissuefilter for lymphphagocytic cellshemolytic,Spleensac-like mass of lympha,Thymus,lymphatic tissuemediastinumprimary role: changes ly
11、mphocytes to T cells for cellular immunity,Thymuslymphatic tissue,Tonsils,masses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue fluid, not lymphlocated beneath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to outside and hence to contaminationany or all may become so loaded with bacteria that the pathogens g
12、ain dominanceshould not be removed unless absolutely necessary.,Tonsilsmasses of lymph tissue,Antigen-Antibody Reactions,Antigen - any substance that the body regards as foreign (virus, bacterium, toxin)Antibody - a disease fighting protein developed by the body in response to the presence of an ant
13、igenAntigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction,Antigen-Antibody ReactionsAnti,WBCs for Immune Reactions,monocytes - type of lymphocytes formed in bone marrow/transported where needed by bodybecome macrophagesmacrophage - phagocytic cell that protects body by ingesting invading cellslymphocytes - m
14、ajor class of WBCsformed in lymphatic tissue,WBCs for Immune Reactionsmonoc,Lymphocytes,T cells or T Lymphocytesmature in thymus glandCell mediated immunityB cells or B Lymphocytesmature in bone marrowantibody-mediated immunity,LymphocytesT cells or T Lympho,T Cell or T Lymphocyte(Cell Mediated Immu
15、nity),T Cell (cell mediated immunity)circulating lymphocytesproduced in bone marrowmatures in thymuslive for yearsprimary function: coordinate immune defenses and kill organisms,T Cell or T Lymphocyte(Cell M,Lymphocyte: T Cells,helper T cells - essential to proper functioning of immune systemMemory
16、cells- remember antigens and stimulate a faster response if same antigen introduced at a later time,Lymphocyte: T Cellshelper T ce,Blood Groups,Four blood groups based on presence or absence of blood antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCsA - A antigenB - B antigenAB - both AB antigensO - no AB
17、antigens,Blood GroupsFour blood groups,Plasma does not contain the antibody against own antigenAntigens on the donors RBCs react with the antibodies in patients plasma and cause a transfustion reaction.,Plasma does not contain the an,Rh Factor,Rh factor is antigen present on RBC of 85% of pop. of US
18、.Rh positive and Rh negativeRh neg pregnant woman may develop antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh-positive fetus.hemolytic disease of the newbornprevented with RhoGAM,Rh FactorRh factor is antigen,Immunity,Immunity-state of being resistant or not susceptible to a specific diseaseAcquired immunity
19、-any form of immunity NOT present at birth and obtained during life,ImmunityImmunity-state of bein,Factors That Influence Immune System,HealthAgeHeredity,Factors That Influence Immune,Anemias,Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reducedsymptom of diseaseerythropeniahypochromasiahematocrit,AnemiasOxy
20、gen-carrying capacit,Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS),Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long incubation of up to 10 yearsAIDS name applied during advanced stages of diseaseAfter immune system destroyed, opportunistic infections occur.,Acqui
21、red Immune Deficiency Syn,Autoimmune Disorders,Antigens stimulate development of antibodies that are unable to distinguish antigens of internal cells. Body makes antibodies and T cells against itself and attacks own tissues.Multisystemic involvement.Myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis,Autoimmune
22、 DisordersAntigens s,Edema,Hypoproteinemialowers osmotic pressure within bloodlarge amounts of plasma pass out of bloodpoor lymph drainageincreased capillary permeabilitycongestive heart failurelocalized edema, ascites,EdemaHypoproteinemia,Hemophilia,Hereditary blood clotting disordersex-linked, usu
23、ally in menlack factor VIII, essential for blood clottinghematomashemarthrosis,HemophiliaHereditary blood clo,Infectious Mononucleosis,Acute infection caused by virus.Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function, and bruising.tra
24、nsmitted by droplet infectionInfection confers permanent immunityTreatment symptomatic,Infectious MononucleosisAcute,Oncology, the study of tumors,Metastasis, MetastasizeCarcinomaMalignant MelanomaAdenocarcinomaSarcoma (arises from bone, fat, muscle, etc.)OsteocarcomaOsteosarcomaMyosarcomaMyeloma,On
25、cology, the study of tumorsM,Leukemia,Major oncological disorder of blood-forming organsmalignant cells replace health bone marrow cellsacute myelogenous leukemiaacute lymphocytic leukemia,LeukemiaMajor oncological diso,Hodgkins Disease,Malignant disorderPainless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical lymph nodes; splenomegalyAnorexia, weight loss, pruritus, anemia, leukocytosis,Hodgkins DiseaseMalignant dis,Kaposis Sarcoma,Malignancy associated with AIDSlesions emerge as purplish-brown macules and develop into plaques and nodules,Kaposis SarcomaMalignancy ass,
