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1、Memory skills in interpretation,ContentsDefinitionClassificationSkillsExercises,KI = KL + EK + S ( P + AP )KI = Knowledge Required for an InterpreterKL = Knowledge for Language;EK = Encyclopedic Knowledge;S (P+AP) = Professional Interpreting Skills and Artistic Presentation Skills.,Knowledge Require
2、d for an Interpreter (仲伟合),Consecutive Interpreting（交替传译） Liaison Interpreting（联络口译） Consecutive Interpreting （交替传译）Simultaneous Interpreting（同声传译） Whispering （耳语传译） Sight Interpreting （视译） Simultaneous Interpreting （同声传译）New Ways of Interpreting Telephone Interpreting （电话口译） Community Interpreting
3、（社区口译）,Different Forms of Interpreting,Consecutive Interpreting (交替传译) the interpreter gives his interpretation immediately after the speaker has finished a segment of his speech.Simultaneous Interpreting (同声传译) the interpreter renders the words of the original speaker at virtually the same time as
4、they are uttered.,Main Forms of Interpreting,Bilingual proficiencyCross-cultural awareness Broad general knowledge Mastery of interpreting methods and techniques Physical and psychological competenceTeam work spiritProfessionalism,How to Become a Qualified Interpreter,瞬时记忆 (instant memory), 也称感觉记忆(s
5、ensor memory): 持续时间很短。短时记忆 (short-term memory), 也称工作记忆(working memory)持续时间在20-30秒，记忆容量为7+-2个互不关联的信息单位，且始终处于活跃状态，不需要被激活。长时记忆 (long-term memory), 也称永久记忆(permanent memory)可以长达数日、数月乃至数年，记忆容量几乎是无限的，但需要被激活。“瞬时记忆”是口译的前提，“短时记忆”是口译的关键，“长时记忆”是口译的基础。,Classification of memory,Are you a born interpreter?,Watch c
6、arefully the following images for 10 seconds.Remember: Do not write.Do not speak to each other.,865432879685938754720145,Read,865,432,879,6859387/5472/0145,20150901209 13905590902,abcdeedcbalonglonglong,svfyehhkliea iengowenlfie,Short-term memory training,ShadowingParroting Chinese Whispers Simultan
7、eous shadowingLagging shadowingMulti-tasking,口译记忆包括逻辑记忆和形象记忆。,逻辑记忆：主要通过对语言信息进行纵向的逻辑分层，并强化横向细节信息间的联系，从而对信息的点（具体的信息内容）、线（各点之间的联系）和面（整体概念）进行全面的把握。形象记忆：图像记忆，以感知过的事物的形象为内容的记忆。,口译中的逻辑分析指对讲话进行纵向和横向的分析。纵向分析是指分清关键信息和辅助信息，即找出逻辑的层次；横向分析则是明确各信息点之间的逻辑关系，如因果关系、对比对照、举例说明等。,逻辑记忆,纵向分析要求进行逻辑分层训练，即在听完一篇讲话后首先用一句话概括出讲话的
8、中心内容，这是逻辑的最上层；围绕这一中心问题讲话人谈了哪几个方面的内容，这是第二层关系；而每个方面又具体谈了些什么，这是逻辑的下一个层次。横向分析的练习则要求我们找出信息之间的逻辑关系。一般的信息结构都遵从一定的逻辑关系模式，如：概括（generalization）、分类（classification）、因果（cause-effect）、对比对照（compare & contrast）、列举（simple listing）等。找逻辑关系可以根据线索词汇，如英文里表示概括关系的线索词汇有：to sum up, in summary, in conclusion, in brief, in sho
9、rt, on the whole等；表示顺序：first, second, furthermore, before, during, when, finally, meanwhile等；表示对比的词汇有：likewise, as well as,both, similarly，compared to等；表示对照的有：on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, instead, still, yet, whereas, differently等；表示因果的则有：so, since, because, as a result, consequent
10、ly, lead to等等。,逻辑记忆,中国人的待客之道，一是要热情，态度上不能慢待，别人会用你的态度判定你的心意。对待不同地方的朋友，难度不一样：美国人，以低成本就能让他们满意；香港人，就难了，他们讲究吃；老家人，点些没吃过的菜就可以；对过去的同学、同事，不能点得太便宜，那表明你把他看得很便宜。二是量不应该不足，可以有余、可以浪费，但不能空盘。三是如果有求于朋友，那么吃饭是不够的，通常应该有另外的表示。根据办的事不一样，表示的程度不一样。对于外国人，选最不值钱的东西就可以了：小盘子和小手帕就行；对中国的朋友，这些东西人家都不会要的。如果你送的礼物显得很小气，那么前面的东西就都白吃了。另外，对
11、于我们中国人，朋友们在一起的时候，买单要积极主动，这是表现你诚心与否的重要时机。如果你是公司老板，更要主动买单，不要让教授或公务员买单。总的说来，表面的热情要有高度。过去是酒要喝到醉，要喝度数高的、价钱贵的酒。现在，劝酒的方式缓和多了。不再强迫喝，不喝醉，喝低度酒。现在的待客之道是：热情、主动、考虑健康。待客之道变得比较宽容合理了。,中国待客之道：1.热情 美国人：低成本 香港人：讲究吃 老家人：点些没吃过的菜； 同学、同事：不能点太便宜2.量要足3.出吃饭还要有别的表示 外国人：最不值钱的东西-小盘子、小手帕 中国人：贵的，要积极买单过去：喝到醉，要喝度数高的、价钱贵的酒现在：热情、主动、考
12、虑健康,本文介绍了中国的三种待客之道，分别是：热情，量足，送礼物；针对每一种待客之道，举例对比说明了对待不同地区不同对象的的各自做法；在不同对象中又分析了这么做的各自原因，分别是就这样将信息一层一层地剖析下去，形成一个清晰的逻辑线路图，然后按照逻辑线路对原语讲话进行复述，复述时不必拘泥于原语的顺序和结构。,Girls dont do as well at math and science as boys. There are several reasons for this. The first and most important reason is that they arent enco
13、uraged to play with toys that build up interest in math and science problems and that build skills for problem solving or understanding how things work. Girls are encouraged to play with toys that foster language and human relations skills. Second, studies have shown that teachers dont expect girls
14、to be good at math. Even female math and science teachers pay more attention to boys in class and call on boys more often. Because teachers dont expect girls to excel, they dont try very hard, and soon girls are far behind boys in these studies. Finally, girls dont have many role models to look up t
15、o. Not very many math and science teachers are women, especially in the later grades. When the media picture mathematicians and scientists, they usually picture men. As a result, girls arent inspired to choose these fields as careers. In summary, several factors work together in the home, in schools
16、, and in society at large to send a subtle message to girls. Girls almost always get the message; as a result, few girls excel at math and science.,1. girls are not encouraged to play with toys that build up interest in math and science problems and that build skills for problem solving or understan
17、ding how things work2. studies have shown that teachers dont expect girls to be good at math 3. girls dont have many role models to look up to,形象记忆：以感知过的事物的形象为内容的记忆，是对事物的形状、体积、质地、颜色、运动等具体形象的识记、保持和重现。分为静态形象记忆和动态形象记忆静态形象记忆：常用于描述性的语篇，适用于空间结构、人物景象等静态信息的记忆。动态形象记忆：实质对于事物描述类或动作完成类信息，译员可以把它们想象成动态的画面，储存在短时记忆
18、中，稍后提取信息时就像电影重放一样，能迅速全面地复述出所记忆的内容，适用于事物描述类和动作完成类的信息记忆。,形象记忆,大树上安装着电灯开关，树下有把椅子，椅子在一辆汽车里，我坐上汽车，带上黑手套，拿上手枪，开车到了一个赌场。我先用骰子赌博；又穿着溜冰鞋溜冰，溜冰鞋被设计成了猫的形状；还打了保龄球，球门下的球瓶是用鸡蛋来代替的。鸡蛋打破后，女巫出现了，使用她的戒指施展魔法，我不得不把所有的薪水都拿出来买鲜花送给了她。,武汉地处长江中游，乘船上可抵重庆，下可达上海。武汉还是全国的重要铁路枢纽，京广、武广、武九铁路在此交汇，连接豫、湘、赣等省，因此又有“九省通衢”之称。,水中呼吸练习：站在水中，两
19、手向前伸，手心朝下，头连同上身一上一下运动，水中呼气，出水吸气，反复练习；然后呼吸配合手的划水动作，手漂在水面时头入水，呼气，手向下45度划水时头自然出水吸气。,Exercises,2008年，那一年我20岁。这个时候我已经从边疆的小城市来到了北京，成为一名大学生。虽然今天在中国依然有很多人在抨击中国的高考制度，认为它有很多很多的缺陷，但必须承认正是高考的存在，让我们这样一个又一个非常普通的孩子，拥有了改变命运的机会。当然，这个时候美国已经不再是一个很遥远的国家，它变得很具体，它也不再是那个过去口号当中的“美帝国主义”，而是变成了生活中很多的细节。这个时候，我已经第一次尝试过可口可乐，而且喝完
20、可口可乐之后会觉得中美两个国家真的是如此接近，因为它们几乎就跟中国的中药是一样的。,Fishing is my favorite sport. I often fish for hours without catching anything. But this does not worry me. Some fishermen are unlucky. Instead of catching fish, they catch old boots and rubbish. I am even less lucky. I never catch anything - not even old bo
21、ots. After having spent whole mornings on the river, I always go home with an empty bag. You must give up fishing! my friends say. Its a waste of time. But they dont realize one important thing. Im not really interested in fishing. I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!,
22、三种错误的饭后习惯医生提醒人们，随着人们生活水平的逐渐提高，人们的保健意识也随之增强了，许多人认为饭后吃点水果是现代生活的最佳搭配。无论是在餐厅、饭店，还是在家里就餐，许多人都喜欢饭后吃点水果爽口，其实这是一种错误的生活习惯，因为饭后马上吃水果会影响消化功能。医生解释说，由于食物进入胃以后，必须经过一到两个小时的消化过程，才能缓慢排出。如果人们在饭后立即吃进水果，就会被先期到达的食物阻滞在胃内，致使水果不能正常地在胃内消化，在胃内时间过长，从而引起腹胀、腹泻或便秘等症状。如果人们长期坚持这种生活习惯，将会导致消化功能紊乱，因此，人们最好在饭后一到两个小时再吃水果。医生还提醒说，人们还要注意改正
23、饭后饮茶和饭后散步的错误习惯。饭后立即饮茶，茶水会冲淡胃液，影响胃内食物的正常消化。茶水中含有的单宁酸还会促使胃内的物质凝固，影响蛋白质的吸收，从而增加了胃的负担。对此，医生建议人们，在饭后一小时内最好不要饮茶，应待饭后一小时胃内食物消化得差不多时再饮用茶水，这样对消化功能和物质凝固也不会产生太大的影响。“饭后百步走，活到九十九”，这种说法也是不科学的。人的胃在饭后是处于充盈状态的，即使是非常轻微的运动也会使胃受到震动，从而增加胃肠负担，影响消化功能。对此，医生建议，饭后适当休息三十分钟，待胃内的食物适当消化后，再活动较为适宜，这样也不会对消化系统产生太大的影响。,三种错误的饭后习惯：1。饭后
24、吃水果：影响消化功能：食物阻滞在胃内-引起腹胀、腹泻或便秘 2。饭后饮茶：冲淡胃液，影响胃内食物的正常消化3。饭后散步：增加胃肠负担，影响消化功能,Why do we have eyebrows?,Those tiny little hairs above our eyes that many women pluck or paint play a very important role in keeping moisture out of our eyes.Just like an umbrella keeps our bodies dry from rain, our hairy eyeb
25、rows keep our eyes dry from rain or sweat. When its pouring with rain outside or when sweat runs down our foreheads, our eyebrows divert the flow of water or sweat away from our eyes. Our eyebrows angle the rain or sweat around to the sides of our faces, leaving our eyes fairly dry. By catching the
26、water or sweat, our eyebrows not only allow us to see more clearly but also keep the salt in the sweat from burning or irritating our eyes.Eyebrows have other roles also. As one of our most expressive facial features, eyebrows help us determine how people are feeling without having to ask them. If a
27、 persons eyebrows are drawn in a frown, the chances are that they are angry or upset.What is more, over the years, eyebrows have been having an increasing impact on our concepts of beauty or fashion. Big, thick and hairy eyebrows tend to be considered unattractive, while thin, plucked eyebrows are s
28、aid to be more attractive.,Why do we have eyebrows?1. important role in keeping moisture out of our eyes. 1) umbrella-dry from rain or sweat 2) see more clearly 3) from burning or irritating our eyes2. other roles- facial features 1) frown- angry or upset3. Eyebrows have been having an increasing impact on our concepts of beauty or fashion. 1) Big, thick and hairy -unattractive 2) thin, plucked - more attractive,
