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1、Interpretation,-being joyful with pains,Requirements of Interpretation Course,As far as Chinese students are concerned, in the first place, the crux to learn interpretation course well is to lay a solid foundation in the four basic skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing.,Second, what is ta
2、ught in interpretation class is supposed to fully embody the features and regularity of interpretation. Attention should be given to note-taking, sight interpretation, capacity of induction, bilingual eloquence, commonly-used words and expressions, figure interpretation, etc.,Interpretation course i
3、s ideally intended for senior excellent students and graduates, in other words, they wont begin to learn interpretation techniques until they make a good mastery of Chinese and English.,2. Teaching Approach,TheoryThe Definition of Interpretation The types of InterpretationThe characteristics of Inte
4、rpretation The qualification of an Interpreter The criteria of Interpretation The difficulties of InterpretationPracticeNumbersSentencesShort Paragraphs Specific TopicsTest,Contents,The Definition of InterpretationThe Types of InterpretationThe Characteristics of Interpretation& The Qualifications o
5、f an InterpreterThe Criteria of InterpretationMemoryNote-takingInterpretation of appellationThe Differences between American English and British English & culture DifferenceInterpretation of proverb, idiom, idiomatic expression and a two-part allegorical saying,The Definition of Interpretation,“Inte
6、rpretation, essentially, means an extempore oral reproduction, in one language, of what is said in another language.” - Mr. Zhong Shukong “Translation” is defined as “the faithful representation, in one language, of what is written in another language”,Two Differences between interpretation & transl
7、ation:,As practice proves it, interpretation, is not merely a linguistic undertaking, but also that of “communication” to a larger extent; At all official international meetings, the term “translate”, “translator”, or “translation” is used when the immediate result of the work is a written text; and
8、 the term “interpret”, “interpreter” or “interpretation”, when the immediate result is a speech reproduced orally in a language other than that spoken by the original speaker.,For Example:,用词上的区别口语笔语 to seeto behold to askto interrogate in thisherein of thishereof after thatthereafter aboutwith refe
9、rence to,我干了一天活，累得连炕都上不去，浑身疼得要命，睡也睡不着。I was so fatigued after a days drudgery that I found it very hard to mount the kang . My whole frame aching acutely, I could not go to sleep, however hard I tried . I was so tired after a days work that I could hardly get on to the kang. As my whole body ached l
10、ike anything , I simply couldnt get to sleep even if I tried to.,句法上的区别,Now the superpowers have been exposed to the charge that they reserve their nuclear weapons for the revolutionary people of the world.,现在超级大国已受到他们储存核武器是为了对付世界革命人民的指责。,(wrong),现在超级大国已受到这样的指责，即他们储存核武器是为了对付世界革命人民。,(right),I am very
11、 glad to hear that the contract has been signed only after two rounds of discussions.,我很高兴地听说只经过两轮谈判，合同就签下来了。,(translation),听说只经过两轮谈判，合同就签下来了，我感到很高兴。,(interpretation),The Types of Interpretation,操作形式分：,Consecutive Interpretation接续口译Simultaneous Interpretation同声传译whispering interpretation耳语口译sight in
12、terpretation视阅口译alternating interpretation交替口译,传译方向分：,One-way interpretation单向口译Two-way interpretation双向口译,操作内容：,Guide interpretation导游口译Ceremony interpretation礼仪口译Conference interpretation会议口译Information interpretation宣传口译Negotiation interpretation谈判口译,The Characteristics of Interpretation& The Qua
13、lifications of an Interpreter,Characteristics:,-“The main difficulty with interpretation is that it is impossible to do it perfectly.”-“Interpretation is a very complex matter. The case is: there is always something I could have done better!”My understanding of interpretation is: Interpretation is a
14、 profession you always feel regrettable,Qualifications,A strong sense of dutyLinguisticproficiency -a fairly good command of the languages involved and a good grasp of the cultures of the languages involved. Encyclopedic knowledge-a goal towards which the conscientious interpreter or translator shou
15、ld work untiringly.Mastery of interpretation techniques-Not all those who have a good command of the languages involved and have acquired a wide range and scope of general knowledge are necessarily good interpreters.,Techniques:,Acute hearing! A good articulation!Familiarity with simultaneous note-t
16、aking!A good memory!Quick and accurate response!,The Criteria of Interpretation,PunctualityAccuracycompleteness Frankness Naturalness Fluency,Examples: (Accuracy),98年全市高校教师有25000人，博士生导师750人，占全国的13.9%。 78年至今，公派出国人数为18000人。In 1998, there are 25,000 full time teachers in colleges and universities, 750
17、of whom are supervisors for doctoral degree candidates, accounting for 13.9 percent of the whole country. Since 1978, there have been 18,000 people sent abroad at the expense of the government.,Examples: (completeness),Those children who have impaired eyesight or hearing or are mentally retarded can
18、 also go to special school. 那些视力，听力，智力有缺陷的儿童也可以入学。,Examples:( Naturalness),能够让你幸福，我愿意付出我的一切。 If I can be the instrument of your happiness, I will sacrifice all my belongings. be the instrument of sth 引来某事物的人或事（使动类经典句） While some workers adopted the tactic of being slack and talking back to their sup
19、ervisors, some others tried to resolve these difficulties through negotiations with the administration of the company. 当一些雇员采取了马虎懒散、同主管顶嘴的策略时，另一些雇员则试图通过公司行政领导谈判来解决这个问题。,More examples:,年过三十，要么成婚，要么单身。 The age of 30s leaves you the choice of marriage or remaining a bachelor. leave sb the choice of . o
20、r . 要么.,要么. （选择类经典句） 西部大开发一定能成为沟通世界各国和中国的一座桥梁，促进中国和世界经济共同发展，共同繁荣。 The Great Western Development is bound to be a bridge between China and the rest world, promoting the common economic development and prosperity of China and the world at large. be bound to 必定.；一定. （意愿类经典句）,Dealing with these problems
21、 is all a matter of experience. 处理这些问题全凭经验。 a matter of sth/doing sth 与.有关情况或问题 （描述类经典句） 在下一轮的会谈中，我们将宣布中东地区永久停火协议，对此我抱有乐观态度并充满希望。I am optimistic and hopeful that the next round of talk will witness a permanent cease-fire in the Middle East. witness. 见证. （发生类经典句）,Note-taking,-The worst pen is better
22、than the best memory,Why to note?,To relieve memory!-鉴于口译实践的客观需要，口译人员有必要借助口译笔记记下讲话太长、或者并列内容多、相互关联小、译员不熟悉的内容；或者出现一连串的人名、地名、机构名、缩略语、数字、年份、专业术语等情况。-具体场合通常包括：完整准确性要求较高的会见、会谈、谈判交涉、情况介绍、即席演讲、新闻发布会、法庭审判等等。,How to note?,1.Concentrate on the lecture or on the reading material. 2.Take notes consistently. 3.Ta
23、ke notes selectively. Do NOT try to write down every word. Remember that the average lecturer speaks approximately 125-140 words per minute, and the average note-taker writes at a rate of about 25 words per minute. 4.Translate ideas into your own words. 5.Organize notes into some sort of logical for
24、m. 6.Be brief. Write down only the major points and important information. 7.Write legibly. Notes are useless if you cannot read them later! 8.Dont be concerned with spelling and grammar.,techniques,字数少，行数多； 口译笔记字数少、行数多，操作效率非常高行数多有三大好处。一是可以加快速度；二是把并列的内容一一分行，有利于一目了然、一目数行；三是两旁空白较多，尤其是右上方和左下，便于补充、修正。承上
25、启下； 承上启下的连接词，对译员回忆下一句、下一段话意思，发挥重要作用，并且有助于笔记的逻辑性。汉语常用的连词有：虽然、但是、因为、所以、如果、只要、一旦、即使，等等；英文的连接词有：despite, but, although, therefore, if, provided that, in case, as a result, because of, thanks to, even if, in order to, however等等。记好首尾；备双笔、巧用本。,Example:,Nowadays, Southeast Asian Countries like Indonesia, Th
26、ailand, Malaysia, the Philippines and even Viet Nam offer more attractive incentive policies. Their labor cost is lower and the investment return is higher. In a word, their competitiveness is increasing. Is China concerned about it? What will China do?,笔记： 今东南 Ina, Tha 马，菲，VN offer 优 incen pol 劳投 r
27、e(投回) 总，竞 Chi担？做？,This joint venture project is important to OTIS and important to your city. But it really reflects a larger trend I would like to speak today.笔记： JV impt Otis + city but 反 trend /,数字笔记,a. 分节号笔记法 英语数字，超过千以后，是以千的倍数来表达的。因此，凡遇到不过百万的数字，可以借用分节号作笔记，相当于逗号“，”。 6,000 或记作63, _; 630, 000或记作630
28、,_b. 字母笔记法 凡过百万的数字，英译汉可用两个字母“m”和“b”做符号，汉译英的非整数，继续用分节号“，”。6 million 记作 6m; 6,300 million: 6.3b。如果出现从各位到百万位、千万位的非整数，无论中英文，只好全数记下：66,666,666c. 整数汉字笔记 遇到千、万、十万、亿四种位数的整数，无论英语还是汉语，通过多次练习或实际操作，都可以直接用千、万、十万、亿这四个汉字记录。6,000 记作 6千；600,000,000 记作6亿。,中文缩略语,繁荣-prosp 重要的-impt 中华人民共和国-PRC 韩国- Kor 香港-HK 中国人民银行-PBC 国
29、内生产总值-GDP中国人民-中人；,美国人民-美人；A人中国政府-Chi gov； 特殊政策和灵活措施-特灵； 甘肃人民政府-甘府；社会主义制度-社制； 野生动物保护区-野区； 物质文明和精神文明-物神；双文明；,英文缩略语,GDP: 国内生产总值； SOE: state-owned enterpriseGNP: 国民生产总值； FIE: foreign-invested enterpriseFDI: foreign direct investment;JV: joint venture; SEZ: special economic zone;IOU: I owe you TQC-total
30、quality control; CI: corporate image h.o.-head office; Int-tele：因特网电话；mob tele: 移动电话；,IDD: 国际长途直拨； B-ISTN: 宽带综合业务数网E-b: 电子商务；CAD: 计算机辅助设计； CTV: 有线电视SPC: 程控电话交换机;R dept.,其他缩略语,度量衡缩略语 m; km; km2; t; kg; gal; kw (kilowatt); mw (瓦); V (voltage); kwh kilowatt hour) 机构缩略语 NPC; CPPCC; MOFTEC (中国经贸部); CCPIT
31、 (国际贸易促进会); PBC (中国人民银行); ICBC（工行），PICC; COSCO (远洋运输公司); EPB (环保局); GE (通用电器公司); GM (通用汽车公司); UNESCO; EU; ASEAN (东南亚国家联盟); APEC; OECD (经济合作发展组织；经合组织)地名缩略语 BJ; SH; GD; HK; MC (Macao); NY; LA国名缩略语 CHN/Chi/China; NZL; Sing.; Tha; Inda.金属缩略语 Fe (iron); Cu (copper); Ni (nickel); Zn (zinc); Ti (titanium);
32、 Ca (calcium); Ag (silver); Au (gold); Al (aluminum); Si (silicon); Hg (mercury),符号,+, & for and, plus = for equals - for minus # for number x for times for greater than, more, larger for leads to, produces, results in diameter of Moon,常用符号：,：表示出口；打入；投往；开放；抵达；派往；输出等 Chinas export to the United State
33、s: ChiUS: 表示进口；回归；来自；回到 the US import from Japan: USJap: 表示增加；提高；发展；增长；上升；升值；扩大 increase by 40 percent: 40%: 表示下降；减少；下跌；贬值；扣除；恶化 drop by 2 per cent: 2%,: 表示因为；由于 正是由于改革开放：！改开:表示所以，因此，结果 The new car is smaller and therefore cheaper: new car价:表示等于；相当于；一样:表示不等于 这并不等于说我们不注意：X attn: 表示自从；从起 Ever since 19
34、90: 90; 表示同意；赞成；支持；好 我方同意：We; Its a good idea to: id 名牌产品：品X: 表示不好；不是；不对；没有 没有问题：x文,: 表示加强；大于；超过；越来越；胜过 越来越多的家庭上因特网：家Int: 表示小于；少于；次于 one thing I was less than totally happy about: Ihap:表示交流；交换；替代 exchange of visiting professors: V profs:表示重要；优秀；最好等 That is a very important point that you: P,U 效率高，质量
35、好，效益也是同行最好的：efic,质,益:表示总和；总数；总共 外贸进出口总额达到137亿美元：贸13.7b U$:表示大约；左右:表示终止；停顿,Interpretation of Figures,任何话题的口译都可能遇到各种复杂的数字。而数字的口译又必须准确无误，不得有半点疏忽。对初任口译的人来说，数字的口译往往是一大难点。造成汉英数字互译困难的原因有几个方面：一是汉语和英语的数字表达方式和四位以上数字的数位分段法不同。汉语数位的个、十、百、千、万、十万、百万、千万、亿、十亿等都是用10的倍数来表达的。汉语四位以上的数字每四位为一段；而英语则每三位为一段。,英语数词中没有与汉语“万”、“十
36、万”、“千万”、“亿”等相对应的词，这就给汉英数字互译带来很大不便。汉译英时遇到以上数字时，译员必须很快推算出与其相对应的英语数位和表达方式。用“ten thousand”表示“万”，用“hundred thousand”表示“十万”，用“ten million”表示“千万”，用“hundred million”表示“亿”等。英译汉时则要做相反的推算和转换。这样，译员在进行语言转换的同时，要不停地进行数位的推导和换算，脑子活动异常紧张，稍不注意便会出错。,造成汉英数字互译困难的另一个原因是英语有可数和不可数名词之分，在表示与可数和不可数名词相关的不定数字或倍数时，汉英两种语言的表达方式不同。例
37、如：下列几组不定数字的汉语表达方式基本上是一样的，而英语则不同。很多人（书） many people（books）很多水（啤酒）much water（beer）很多人（水） a lot of people (water)大量的参考书 a large number of reference books大量有用的信息 a large quantity of useful information大批的产品（食物） large quantities of products (food) 你要多少（面包）就拿多少。Take as much（bread）as you want.你要多少（桔子）就拿多少。T
38、ake as many (oranges) as you want.,由此可见，数字的口译的确比较复杂、困难，但还是有一定的规律可循。译员可根据具体情况采取以下做法：,1三位以内数字的口译。三位以内数字的汉英互译在语言表达上基本一致，各数字都有相应的词，无须推算，只要按英语和汉语的习惯读出数字就行了。只是英语的百位和十位之间一般要加“and”。请看下列数字互译练习。,用英语朗读下列数字,15fifteen20twenty35thirty-five63sixty-three101one hundred and one207two hundred and seven,370three hundre
39、d and seventy414four hundred and fourteen839eight hundred and thirty-nine948nine hundred and forty-eight,2四位以上数字的口译,四位以上数字的口译较为复杂，因为英汉数字分段方法和表达方式的不同，在译出之前需要进行一番换算。另外，数字互译时，译员要学会记录和分段，这样翻译起来就容易多了。例如，英译汉时，听到英语数字时，特别是较为复杂的数字和系列数字时，立即用阿拉伯数字记录下来，记录的同时按英语数位分段法，从后往前每三位数为一段，用一逗号分开。这样就会在“thousand”，“million”，
40、“billion”等各数位后分别有一逗号。因为英语数字的分段法正好和阿拉伯数字的分节法相一致，都是三位一段。分段后的数字以逗号为参照，按英汉数字换算规律，第一个逗号前一位译成“千”，前两位译成“万”，前三位译成“十万”；第二个逗号前一位译成“百万”，前两位译成“千万”，前三位译成“亿”；第三个逗号前一位译成“十亿”，这样，依此类推，容易多了。汉译英时，也是把听到的数字用阿拉伯数字记录下来，从后往前，每三位用一逗号分开，然后用英语读出每位数就行了。读时，把握好第一个逗号前的数字读 “x thousand”，第二个逗号前读“x million”，第三个逗号前读“x billion”等规律。每个段位
41、的其它数字按10进规律，依次读为“ten thousand”、“hundred thousand”、“ten million”、“hundred million”数字记录可采用各种简便符号或标点。如35,000可记录成“35,”，用“”表示“000”，或者只用“35，”表示逗号后有三个“0”。3,000,000可记录成“3,”或者“3，”。,用英语朗读下列数字,1,369one thousand three hundred and sixty-nine2,010two thousand and ten 4,705four thousand seven hundred and five6,003
42、six thousand and three15,600fifteen thousand six hundred,75,426,391seventy five million, four hundred and twenty-six thousand, three hundred and ninety-one564,000,000five hundred and sixty-four million1,250,000,000one billion two hundred and fifty million,3模糊数字的口译,口译中经常遇到一些模糊数字，如“几个”、“十几个”、“几十个”、“成百
43、上千个”等等。模糊数字的口译虽也有一定的规律，但主要靠平时熟记，用时才能熟练自如，准确无误。注意以下模糊数字的口译。,几个some; a few; several; a number of 两、三个two or three五、六个five or six十几个more than ten; over a dozen; less/no more than twenty三十来个about/ around thirty几十个dozens of 几十年decades十几岁in ones teens四十出头a little/a bit over forty五十岁左右more or less fifty (y
44、ears old); about fifty (years old),近八十岁了nearly/almost eighty (years old)九十好几了well over ninety (years old)五点左右around five oclock三天左右three days or so大约150米处somewhere about 150 meters好几百hundreds of 成千上万，千千万万thousands of 几十万hundreds of thousands of几百万millions of 亿万hundreds of millions of,4、百分数、小数、分数的口译,
45、8%eight percent15%fifteen percent42%forty-two percent4.35%four point three five percent0.5%point five percent4.032four point naught three two71.006seventy-one point naught naught six,one half; a half1/3one third a quarter3/5three-fifths1/10one-tenth1/100one-hundredth；one percent 1/1000one-thousandth
46、1/10000one-ten thousandths4-2/3four and two-thirds,5. 增/减倍数的口译,英汉倍数的表达有相似之处，也有不同。英汉互译时要特别注意不同的英语句型和表达方法所表示的倍数概念与汉语不同。英语用times 表示倍数。无论在何种句型中都表示乘的关系，即包括基数在内的倍数。请注意以下表示倍数的英语句型及其含义：A is N times larger（longer，heavier）than B.A is larger（longer，heavier）than B by N times.A is N times as large（long，heavy）as
47、B.这三句英语的含义都是“A的大小(长度、重量)是B的N倍”，或者“A比B大（长、重）N-1倍”。,根据以上规律，请翻译下列英语句子：,(1) The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球的大小是月球的49倍。(或地球比月球大48倍)(2) Since mid-century, the global economy has nearly quintupled, While the population has doubled, demand for grain has nearly tripled, and the burning of fossi
48、l fuels has increased nearly fourfold.自本世纪中叶以来，全球经济增长了将近四倍，人口翻了一番。结果，粮食的需求增加了近两倍，石油燃料增加了近三倍。(3) Within 30 years there will be twice as many urban people as countryside people in the world.30年内，全世界的城市居民将是农村人口的两倍。(4) Although London covers less than 400,000 acres, it needs nearly 50 million acre-125 t
49、imes its area-to provide it with food, timber, and other resources, and to absorb its pollution. 虽然伦敦占地不到40万英亩，却需要近5000万英亩的土地125倍于它本身的面积来供给它食品，原木和其他资源，并吸收它产生的污染物。,汉语倍数的表示法归纳起来有两类,第一类表示是(原数的)几倍，几倍于(原数)或增加到(原数的)几倍。第二类表示(比原数)大几倍或(比原数)增加了几倍。这两类说法含义不同。第一类表示包括基数在内的倍数，与英语倍数表示法的含义相同。第二类表示净增倍数。因此，汉语倍数的英译首先要区
50、分不同含义，选用恰当的句型，灵活准确地表达。如果用能N times/表示英语的包括基数在内的倍数，那么汉语的第二类表示“增加了几倍”的英译就要用 (N+1) times 来表示。例如：,去年这个公司手机的销量增长了近一倍（为原来的两倍）。The sales volume of portable phones of this company increased nearly twice last year.The sales volume of portable phones of this company nearly doubled last year.汉语增加倍数的说法很多，英译时，首先要
