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1、大学英语应用文（书信）写作,书信是日常生活中常用的文体，是用以交涉事宜、传达信息、交流思想、联络感情、增进了解的重要工具。英文书信分为两大类：私人信件和公务信件。 私人信件是指亲戚朋友之间的通信。这两类书信各有自己的格式。一般说来，私人信件不拘形式，信文多用手写，也可打印； 公务信件是单位与单位或单位与个人之间来往的书信，可能是推荐信、求职信、入学申请书、邀请信，或询问、答复、反映意见（如投诉信）等的信件。公务信件要求比较严格，必须遵循一定的格式。,英语书信的结构：,英文书信通常包括6个组成部分：信头（heading，包括寄信人地址和日期);信内地址（inside address，指收信人地址
2、);称呼（salutation）;正文（body）;结束语（complimentary）; 签名（signature）;有时候还包括附言（postscript）和 附件（attachment）。 在考试中，由于篇幅所限，只要求考生在书信中包括称呼、正文、结束语和签名四个部分。,1. 信头（Heading）信头是指发信人的地址和日期，通常写在第一页的右上角。行首可以齐头写，也可以逐行缩进写。地址的书写顺序由小到大：门牌号、街道、城市、省（州）、邮编、国名，最后写发信日期。私人信件一般只写寄信日期即可。例如：123 Tianhe RoadTianhe DistrictGuangzhou 51062
3、0Guangdong ProvinceP. R. C.March 15, 2002,发信日期的写法： 年份应完全写出，不能简写。 月份要用英文名称，不要用数字代替。 月份名称多用公认的缩写式。但 May, June, July, 因为较短，不可缩写。 写日期时，可用基数词1，2，3，4，5，28，29， 30，31等，也可用序数词 lst, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 31st等。但最好用基数 词，简单明了。 日期可有下列几种写法： Oct. 20, 2004； 10 May., 2004； 3rd June, 2004； Sept. 16th,
4、 2004。其中，最为通用。,2. 信内地址（Inside Address） 信内地址要写收信人的姓名和地址。在公务信件中要写明这一项，在私人信件中，这一项常常省略。该项写在写信日期下一行的左上角，格式与寄信人地址一样。,3 .称呼（Salutation） 称呼是对收信人的称谓，应与左边线对齐，写在收信人姓名、地址下面1-2行处。在称呼后，英国人常用逗号，美国人则常用冒号。在私人信件中可直呼收信人的名字，但公务信件中一定要写收信人的姓。大部分信件在称呼前加“Dear”。如：DearProfessor/Prof.Bergen:DearDr.Johnson,对不相识的人可按性别称呼：DearSir
5、:或DearMadam:DearLadies。如果不知收信人的性别则可用DearSirorMadam:,3. 信的正文（Body of the Letter） 正文是书信的主体。与中文信件不同的是，英文书信的正文的开头不是先写一些问候语，再阐明写信的目的，而是直接说明写信人的身份及写信的目的，然后提出写信人的情况、想法或要求，并加以必要的解释或说明。英文书信陈述目的时，应该直截了当，意思明确，层次清楚，言简意赅。 书信正文的第一句话或第一段，通常被称为起首语。一般说来，人们习惯用一些客套的写法作为书信正文的起始，即先将对方来信的日期、主题加以简单描述，以便使对方一看便知该信是回答哪一封信的。如
6、果是第一次给别人写信，也可用开头语作必要的自我介绍，并表明自己写信的主要目的。,正文写作格式： 正文的写作格式主要有英式和美式两种。 1)英式结构即缩进式结构，属于比较传统的结构,即每一段的第一行都向里缩进4-8个字符，且所有段落的缩进距离必须保持一致；称呼顶格写，落款则在中间偏右的位置。 2) 美式结构则是齐头式结构，其特点是所有段落的第一行都顶格写，段与段之间空一行，另外称呼、落款等也都顶格写。 商业信函以及电子邮件最好使用齐头式。,缩进式：Dear Kate, I wonder if you can lend me your MLA Handbook for Academic Writi
7、ng. I am in the process of writing my graduation thesis, and need to consult the book now and then for standard formatting. Thus I might need to keep the book for about a month and a half, and I hope that would not bring any inconvenience to you. I assure you that I will maintain the book in good co
8、ndition. If possible, please give me a call and I will come by your house to pick up the book. Thanks a lot. Yours, Judy,齐头式：Dear Kate,I wonder if you can lend me your MLA Handbook forAcademic Writing. I am in the process of writing mygraduation thesis, and need to consult the book now andthen for s
9、tandard formatting. Thus I might need to keep thebook for about a month and a half, and I hope that would notbring any inconvenience to you. I assure you that I willmaintain the book in good condition.If possible, please give me a call and I will come by yourhouse to pick up the book. Thanks a lot.Y
10、ours,Judy,4.结束语（Complimentary Close） 公务信件的结尾礼词包含两部分：发信人的结尾套语与署名。结尾套语写在签名上面一行，第一个字母要大写，套语结尾后面要加逗号。在公务信件中，发信人常用的结尾套语有：Trulyyours, Yourstruly, Respectfullyyours, Yoursrespectfully, Faithfullyyours, Yoursfaithfully, Sincerelyyours, Yourssincerely Yours truly, Yours 等。私人信件中，发信人常用的结尾套语有： Sincerely yours,
11、Lovely yours, Your lovely, Your loving son / daughter等。,5. 签名（Signature） 写信人的签名常位于结尾礼词正下方一二行。除非是给很熟悉的人写信，签名一般须写出全名。签名常常较潦草，不易辨认，因此在签名的正下方须打印出全名。,各种信函类型:,一、邀请信(ALetterofInvitation)(一) 邀请信的种类 英文邀请信可分为两种。一种是请柬(invitation card)，这是一种正规的邀请信，格式严谨而固定，一般适用于较庄重严肃的场合。另一种是一般的邀请信，适用于一些平常的事情的邀请，通常邀请人同被邀请人之间比较熟悉，这
12、种邀请信具有简短、热情的特点。（二）邀请信的写法1.活动名称及目的 写明邀请对方参加什么活动，以及邀请的原因和目的等。2.活动细节及注意事项 写明活动安排的细节及需要告诉对方的注意事项。诸如时间、地点、参加人员、人数，需要做些什么样的准备以及需要穿着什么的服饰。要求穿礼服时，须在请柬的右下角注明dress：formal；较随意时可用：dress：informal。,Dear Mr. Harrison:Our new factory will be commencing production on April 10 and we should like to invite you and you
13、r wife to be present at a celebration to mark the occasion.As you will appreciate this is an important milestone for this organization, and is the result of continued demand for our products, both at home and overseas. We are inviting all those individuals and trust that you will pay us the complime
14、nts of accepting.Please confirm that you will be able to attend by advising us of your time we can arrange for you to be met. All arrangements for your stay overnight on April 10 will, of course, be made by us at our expense. Yours sincerely, Li Ming,Dear Snoopy,I am greatly honored to formally invi
15、te you to participate in Mr. Guo Jings wedding ceremony with Ms. Fujiwora to be held at Beijing Grand Hotel from 8 to 10 p.m. on April 1, 2008.As you are a close friend of us, we would very much like you to attend the celebration and share our joy. The occasion will start at seven oclock in the even
16、ing, with the showing of their wedding ceremony. This will be followed by a dinner party. At around ten, we will hold a small musical soiree, at which a band will perform some works by Bach and Strauss.If you do not have any prior appointment on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your compa
17、ny. Yours sincerely, Li Ming,常用开头用语 I am writing to invite you toI would like to see your presence atI think it would be a good idea if you could participate inI wonder if you could comeI would like you to come How would you like to join us in? 常用结尾用语 My family and I would feel honored if you could
18、come. We would be looking forward to your participation in the party.I would like to meet you there and please let me know your decision.I really hope you can make it. Would you please drop me a line to let me know if you can come?,邀请信的回复邀请信的复信要求简明扼要，在书写时应注意以下几点：1接受邀请的复信中应重复写上邀请信中的某些内容，如邀请年、月、日，星期几、
19、几点钟等，如Ill be delighted to attend your luncheon next Friday, May the fifth, at twelve oclock.“。2邀请信的复信中应明确表明接受邀请还是不接受邀请，不能含乎其词，如不能写“IllcomeifImintown.”这类的话，以使得对方无法作出安排。在接受邀请的复信中，应对受到邀请表示高兴。谢却的复信中应阐明不能应邀的原由。,二申请信(ALetterofApplication),申请信主要用于求职或求学,目的是要对方充分了解自己的目的和资格.因此,申请信必须简明扼要,突出重点.申请信可以是针对招聘广告写的,也可
20、以市直接递交给某个单位的.申请信要求语言规范,信息正式,既不能夸张,也不必过于谦虚.申请信的结构一般包括:申请目标,自述理由,介绍资格,请求面试和期待回音等. 语言注意点申请信开篇应点明主题，语言简练。接着说明做此申请的原因，即自己所具备的申请条件，这一部分需重点明确，论述充分。最后请求回复并表示感谢时，应采用礼貌、诚恳的措辞。,这类信件的主要结构是: 1) 说明写作目的表明想要获得什么工作或学位，介绍自己，为什么写信若是应聘工作则还需说明何时何地从哪里获得该职位的招聘信息（对公司评估广告效应非常重要)所有这些可以用一句话概括 2) 介绍相关工作经历及本人个性，以表明你可以胜任这个职位包括教育
21、背景、工作经历、个人能力及成就还可根据情况简单介绍个人爱好和兴趣注意：所有这些内容均应与应聘工作或学位有关系介绍背景时，选词遣字既不过分渲染，又不过分谦虚要给人留下既充满信心又态度诚恳的印象 3) 表示感谢和期待，恳请招聘单位对自己的申请给予优先考虑，留下联络方式及对对方表示感谢,范文： Dear Mr. Moore, I would like to express my interest in your recently advertised position for a waitress. I am enclosing my resume, which further details my
22、 previous work experience and qualifications. Not only do I have the qualifications and work experience for this job, but I also have the right personality for a waitress. I am a friendly person who can quickly establish a rapport with people of all ages. The fast-paced environment of waiting on tab
23、les suits me, because I enjoy working under pressure. My former boss was surprised at my efficiency in dealing with customers orders. I hope to meet with you to discuss the possibility of working at your restaurant. I can be reached at 4639234 during the days and 924,6868 after 6 p.m. Thank you for
24、considering my application. I look forward to you in the near future. Yours sincerely Li Ming,Dear Sirs,I am interested in attending your college to prepare myself for a career in teaching, probably at the secondary level, and would like take the chance to talk with you about certification requireme
25、nts and the programs open to me at Open University.As my two children (aged four and six) still require considerableattention, I am not free at present to attend school on a full-time basis. However, I would like to begin as soon as possible if a part-timeprogram can be arranged. I am a graduate of
26、London University, class of 1996, where I majored in English and minored in mathematics. My choice of teaching filed would probably be one of these two subjects.Enclosed is a resume of my background and experience. I will call your office in a few days for an appointment.Faithfully yours,Jane,常见求职及申
27、请信的导语句型： I am writing to apply for . I wish to apply for the post mentioned in your advertisement in Beijing Daily of March 21. I am writing to express my interest in . I am writing to formally request . I should like to apply for the job advertised in yesterdays newspaper. Your advertisement for a
28、sale manager in has impressed me. I feel I can fill that vacancy The requirements outlined in your advertisement makes me confident that I am qualified for the position. I am writing in response to your advertisement for the position of It is with considerable interest that I enclose my resume in re
29、sponse to your advertisement for a Human Resources Manager.,表示信心、能力或兴趣的方式： I feel that similar contributions might be made to your firm as well. I feel that, with my overall qua1ifications and desire, I could contribute significantly to your company. I feel that I can make a strong contribution to y
30、our company. I would appear to have excellent qualifications for this position . I feel confident that I can provide the kind of leadership that you are seeking for. I am convinced that my interest together with my academic background and working experiences will make me better qualified in applying
31、 a course of a higher level.,在信尾表达进一步联系的愿望，表示感谢的方式： After you have reviewed the enclosed curriculum vitae, I would appreciate an opportunity to discuss how I may contribute to your department. I would be pleased to have the opportunity to interview with . I would appreciate the opportunity to discus
32、s how I might further contribute to your . Thank you again and I look forward to hearing from you shortly. I am very interested in this position and would appreciate the opportunity to further discuss during a face-to-face interview. Thank you for you consideration. Thank you again and I am looking
33、forward to hearing from you. I would appreciate it if you could contact me as soon as possible. If there is anything further I could add to a review of my qualifications or goals, please do not hesitate to call. I hope to hear from you soon.,三、询问信(ALetterofInquiry),询问信的主要目的是寻求所需信息，通常包括以下几个方面的内容：首先表明
34、写作意图，说明写这封信的目的是要寻求什么样的信息；然后就某一具体问题进行询问；最后表明获取信息的急切心情，可以提供联系方式以便收信人与你联系，并表达你的感谢之情。提示：询问信的语气通常比较正式、和缓，要充分表达感激之情。同时，相比较语气直接的疑问句，用一些能够起到提问作用的陈述句更佳。,具体写作步骤：首段：简单叙述题目场景，说明写作意图，清楚表明写这封信的目的是要寻求什么样的信息。主体段落：询问具体问题。可以问一些与命题所设置的问题相关的内容，但这些问题必须是与题目本身要求获取的信息是有相关性的。考生也可以自己认为比较重要的问题单独列一个段落，将其内容细化。考生可以根据虚拟的自身情况提出相关的
35、问题。结尾段：表明急切获取信息的心情，提供联系方式以便收信人与你联络，对收信人所能给予的任何帮助都要表示感谢，即使你知道这些帮助是收信人应该做的。在写咨询信时特别要注意使用句式的选择，在询问问题时要使用“Would you please tell me”之类的正式疑问句式。,必背模版句型I wonder if you could tell me the information aboutI am writing for the information aboutI would be forever grateful if you could send me information concer
36、ningI would like to know whether you can provide me with information regardingI wish to request materials forId very much appreciate your advice on such matters as how to contact the officers who would be willing toassistWould you be so kind to tell me？I look forward to your immediate response.Your
37、attention to this letter would be highly appreciated.I am waiting for your quick reply.Thank you in advance for your cooperation/assistance. Iamwritingtoaskforinformationabout.,Dear Sir or Madam，I have talked to the Sunshine Travel Agency about their vacation package，which includes for $158.00 round
38、 trip air fare to San Diego，plus accommodations for four days and three nights at the Glorious Hotel，and one days use of a rental car with unlimited mileage. Therefore，I would be grateful if you could supply me with the following information.Please let me know whether you do indeed have such an arra
39、ngement with budget traveling of San Diego，the tour promoter. Are there any surcharges or time restrictions？We are tentatively planning to take our vacation in early June.Thank you in advance for your assistance and hope to hear from you soon. Yours truly， Diana Moore,四、投诉信 (ALetterofComplaint),在人们的
40、生活中经常会发生一些事情，比如消费利益受损、正常生活和工作受到干扰等等令人伤脑筋的事情，有时写封投诉信不失为一个解决的办法。投诉信通常包括以下几个方面的内容：说明投诉的原因并表示遗憾；实事求是地阐述问题发生的经过，切记不要夸大其词；指出问题引起的后果；提出批评及处理的意见或敦促对方采取措施或者提出所希望的赔偿以及补救方式。投诉信的结构（1）开头：自我介绍，交代投诉内容，表明本信的目的和要求。（2）正文：说明情况，讲清利害，分析利弊。告诉对方你因此受到的伤害 或不便，提出解决问题的建议，表明希望如何处理。（3）结尾：表达希望问题得到迅速恰当解决的强烈愿望，希望尽快得到满 意的答复。,Dear S
41、ir or Madam,It was somewhat irritating to find that the English-Chinesedictionary you sent to me on Dec. 13th, 2009 was totally unacceptable.The dictionary was a great disappointment, for when it arrived, it was far behind the date you promised to send it to me. Besides, the wrappings looked worn an
42、d dirty. And more surprisingly, when I opened the dictionary, I found more than 20 pages of it missing (p.123 to p. 136).Id be grateful if you could send me a replacement and refund my postage (state amount).I really appreciate your help.Yours faithfully, Li Ming,投诉信常用语1) 有礼貌地说明所犯错误或指出问题1.I am writi
43、ng to complain about-2.I write to express my concern/dissatisfaction about3.I would like to express my disappointment about-4.We have received your (invoice/consignment)5.With reference to your invoice of- I must point out-6.According to-, the correct figure is-7.On checking the goods, we discovered
44、 that 200 radios were missing.8.Your invoice states that the consignment contains radios, but in fact .,2) 要求对方采取措施1. I will appreciate anything you can do to help me2. I trust you will take my complaint seriously.3. I would, however, be perfectly satisfied if you would kindly replace the item or re
45、fund my money, whichever is more convenient.4.We should be obliged if you could investigate these matters.5.We should be thankful if you could give us a refund for the faulty goods.6.We shall appreciate very much if you could replace the damaged goods by Tuesday.3) 期盼对方回复1. I look forward to hearing
46、 from you soon.2. I look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience.3. I look forward to your early reply.,五、道歉信(ALetterofApology),我们在工作或生活中，有时难免会犯一些错误，写封致歉信就显得很有必要。道歉信通常包括以下内容：表示歉意；道歉的原由；出现差错的原因; 提出弥补措施；请求原谅。写道歉信的语言要诚挚, 解释的理由要真实，不要显出丝毫的虚情假意。 好的道歉信不仅会取得对方的谅解，还会增进彼此的感情。写作“三步走”：表示歉意-说明具体
47、原因、提出补救办法-再次致歉、希望得到理解.提示：在写作过程中，尽可能提供比较合理的理由。如果违反生活常识将导致扣分；在解释完原因后，尽量提供一个合适的补救办法，使行文更加完满。,常用语：Thank you for your invitation to dinner at your home tomorrow evening. Unfortunately, it is much to my regret that I cannot.I feel terribly sorry for missing the chance of.Is it possible for you and me to h
48、ave a private meeting afterwards?If so, please dont hesitate to drop me a call about your preferable date. Pleaseallowmetosaysorryagain.,Directions: You are invited to a dinner at a friends house, but you are not able to attend because of the preparation for a coming examination. Write a letter to y
49、our friends to express your apology, explain your reason, and suggest a meeting at another time。,DearAnne,Thank you for your invitation to dinner at your home tomorrow evening. Unfortunately, it is much to my regret that I cannot join you and your family, because I will be fully occupied then for an
50、 important exam coming the day after tomorrow. I feel terribly sorry for missing the chance of such a happy get-together, and I hope that all of you enjoy a good time. Is it possible for you and me to have a private meeting afterward? If so, please dont hesitate to drop me a line about your preferab
