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1、语法专题（一）,名 词,MISS Wang,名词要点精讲,名词是英语考试中的热点和难点。从语法和词汇两个方面来考察其用法，在单项选择、完形、改错中都可感知高考中名词的考查点。,专有名词(Proper Nouns),普通名词(Common Nouns),个体名词(Individual Nouns),集体名词(Collective Nouns),物质名词(Material Nouns),抽象名词(Abstract Nouns),不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns),可数名词(Countable Nouns),一、名词的分类,专有名词Proper Nouns:指人名、地名及某些人和事物专
2、有的名称,Eg: Diana; Beijing; Americans;English; May; New Years Day,注意：专有名词的第一个字母要大写,普通名词Common Nouns：一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,1. 个体名词: 指作为个体而存在的人或东西,可以指具体的人或物。Eg: aunts; a panda; apartments,也可指抽象东西。Eg: a year; fairy tales; a dream,2. 集体名词: 表示若干个个体组成的集合体,Eg: army; audience; crew; family; team; police; governmen
3、t; public,集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。,His family _ not large. (be),Cf: His family _ all music lovers. (be),在一些情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。,Eg: The audience was (were) excited by the show.,is,are,有少数集体名词通常用作单数。,Eg: Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.,个别集体名词则多作复数看待。,Eg: The p
4、olice are looking for him.,3.物质名词: 指无法分为个体的物质。,Eg: beer; cake; cloth; cotton; detergent; fur; ice; paint; paper; soil,一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：,1) 有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”,Eg: Two strong black coffees, please. ( 两份）,Three beers, please. (三杯）,It was a special tea. (一种）,2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示
5、特别的意义。,Eg: rains （雨季）sands （沙滩） snows (积雪）waters(海域),4.抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,Eg: education; love; policy; trust; nature; fashion; relief; silence; truth,etc.,多数情况下，这种名词常用于单数形式，不加任何冠词。,Eg: Hes learning French for fun.,I wish you good luck.,抽象名词转化为可数名词。,Failure is the mother of success. (失败与成功在此为抽象概
6、念）As a teacher , she is a success, but as a mother, she is a failure because she devotes little time to looking after her child.(成功者，失败者，可数),二、名词的数,不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括抽象名词、物质名词和专有名词。例如：health, advice, glass, wood, English, America不可数名词作主语，谓语动词须用单数形式。,可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：,不规则复数：,1、元音变化：man-men
7、woman-women mouse-mice foot-feet tooth-teeth goose-geese,2、单复数同型：fish deer sheep,3、加en（ren）: ox-oxen child-children,4、中国计量单位单复数同型： yuan 、jin、mu.,5、某国人：中日不变、英法变、其他直接 来把s添。,复合名词的复数形式：,1.词末+-s : film-goers ; forget-me-nots 2.主体名词变为复数形式：lookers-on; editors-in-chief;sons-in-law3.两个组成部分皆变为复数：women doctors
8、; men cooks* 这种形式的第一个名词必须是man或woman,只有复数形式的情况：,trousers(裤子); glasses(眼镜); compasses(圆规) a pair ofthanks; clothes; remains; goods; people; cattle,有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass ( 玻璃 )copper ( 铜 )tin ( 锡 )paper ( 纸 )iron (铁 )wood ( 木头 )gold (金子 )youth (青春 )power ( 力量 )beauty ( 美 )pleasure( 愉快 )relation(关系）
9、,a glass ( 玻璃杯 )a copper ( 铜币板 )a tin ( 罐头 )a paper ( 报纸，证件，论文 )an iron (熨斗 )a wood ( 树林 )a gold (金牌 )a youth (年青人 )a power ( 大国 )a beauty ( 美人，美的东西 )a pleasure( 使人感到愉快的事 )a relation(亲戚）,英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。,a poem(一首诗 )a machine(一台机器 )a job(一件工作 )a laugh(一个笑声 )a permit(许可证 )a garment (一件衣裳 )a bag(c
10、ase) (一件行李 )a loaf (一只面包 )a hair(一根头发 ),oetry(诗歌总称 )machinery(机器总称 )work(工作 )laughter(笑声 )permission(允许 )clothing(衣裳总称 )luggage, baggage(行李 )bread(面包 )hair( 头发),几个名词的特殊用法,hair_. （他的头发是白的。）_. （他有几根白的头发。）,His hair is white,He has a few grey hairs,fruit The fruit is sweet. He likes pears, peaches, grap
11、es and other fruits.,policeThe police _ searching for the murderer.,were,dozen, scoretwo (many, several) dozen pencilsthree _ them / these pencilsdozens of studentstwo score of studentsscores of people,dozen of,word（消息，通知）, man（人类），前面不加冠词，也不用复数形式，谓语用单数。,s所有格的构成,s所有格的构成,名词所有格(The Possessive Case of N
12、ouns),some patterns:,Ill take the risk for friendships sake.She was at her wits end.Now they could sing at their hearts content.We should get the children out of harms way.We had best keep them at arms length.For goodness sake,stop arguing.Jane got the moneys worth out of the coat.,(为了友谊）,（黔驴技穷）,（尽情
13、地）,（不受损害）,（保持距离）,（看在上帝的份上）,（很合算）,四、名词的修饰语,A、只修饰可数名词的修饰语,B、只修饰不可数名词的修饰语,C、既可以修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数 名词的修饰语,A、只修饰可数名词的修饰语,few 几乎没有 a few 一些、几个many 许多 many a 许多several 若干、几个a couple of 两个、一双a number of 许多、若干a greatlarge number of 许多,B、只修饰不可数名词的修饰语,little 很少、几乎没有 a little 有一点much 许多 a bit of 有一点a greatgood deal
14、 of 许多a large amount of 许多,C、既可以修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数 名词的修饰语,some 一些 any 一些、任何a lot of很多 lots of很多 all 全部的 plenty of 充足的enough 足够的 most 大多数的hardly any 几乎没有 the rest of 剩下的,1. _ turn green in spring. (NMET 1986) A. Leaf B. Leafs C. Leave D. Leaves2. He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees
15、 cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup (NMET 1993)3. I need _ cloth, for Im going to make _ clothes. (上海 1993) A. a lot of; many B. much; much C. many; many D. many; a lot,历年高考试题,4. He gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers. (NMET 1995) A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealt
16、h; works5. Many countries are increasing their use of natural gas, wind and other forms of _. A. energy B. source C. power D. material (上海 1996)6. Youll find this map of great _ in helping you to get round London. (NMET 1998) A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness,7. - Who did you spend last weeken
17、d with? - _ . (上海 1998) A. Palmers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers8. My parents always let me have my own _ of living. (上海 1998) A. way B. method C. manner D. fashion9. The lion is considered the king of the forest as it is a(n) _ of courage and power. A. example B. sign C. mark D. symb
18、ol (上海 1998),10. We volunteered to collect money to help the _ of the earthquake. (上海 1998)A. victims B. folks C. fellows D. villagers11. If you dont take away all your things from the desk, there wont be enough _ for my stationery. (上海 1998) A. area B. place C. room D. surface12. It is widely accep
19、ted that young babies learn to do things because certain acts lead to _ . (上海 2000) A. rewards B. prizes C. awards D. results,13. In the botanic garden we can find a(n) _ of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers. (上海 2001) A. species B. group C. amount D. variety14. - Can you shoot that
20、 bird at the top of the tree? - No, its out of _ . (上海 2001)A. range B. reach C. control D. distance15. The life of London is made up of many different _ . (上海 2001) A. elements B. sections C. material D. realities,16. For the sake of her daughters health, she decided to move to a warm _ . A. weathe
21、r B. temperature C. season D. climate (上海 2002)17. To regain their _ after an exhausting game, the players lay in the grass. (上海 2002) A. force B. energy C. power D. health18. I saw Bob play the piano at Johns party and on that _ he was simply brilliant. A. scene B. circumstance C. occasion D. situa
22、tion (上海 2002),19. It cant be a(n) _ that four jewelry stores were robbed in one night. (上海 2002) A. coincidence B. accident C. incident D. chance20. According to the recent research, heavy coffee drink and heart attack is not necessarily _ and effect. (上海 2002) A. reason B. impact C. fact D. cause
23、21. - Im sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired. - There is no _ for this while you are on duty. (上海 2003)A.reason B.excuse C.cause D.explanation,22. The manager has got a good business _ so the company is doing well. Aidea Bsense Cthought Dthinking (2003北京春季)23. Dont leave matches or
24、 cigarettes on the table within _ of little children. (2004湖北) A. hand B. reach C. space D. distance24. The environmentalists and wild goats _ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment. (2004上海) A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance,25. The village is far away from here indeed. Its _ walk. (2004上海春季) A . a four hour B. a four hours C. a four-hours D. a four hours26. I have read the material several times but it doesnt make any _ to me. A. meaning B. importance C. sense D. significance (2004上海春季),
