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1、(一)名词,对名词的考查通常在试题中占10%左右,主要是名词的数的变化 (特别是不规则变化的名词复数)、可数名词和不可数名词的区别以及名词所有格的运用。在完型填空中常考察词义的分辨。 一、名词的分类 二、常用不可数名词 三、可数名词的复数形式和名词所有格 四、名词的构成,专有名词与普通名词名词可分为两大类：*专有名词(proper nouns)*普通名词(common nouns)专有名词主要指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如：*人名：Diana，Einstein，Miss Brown，President Bush；*地名：Asia，Kensington Gardens，the Yellow
2、 River，*某些人的名称：Americans，Chinese，Japanese，*某些抽象事物的名称：Buddhism，Geneva Conference, *月份、周日及节日名词：June，Monday，Easter，*书名、电影及诗歌名：A Tale of Two Cities， Gone with the Wind，Ode to the West Wind(西风颂)，*对家人的称呼：Mum，Dad，Auntie，Uncle Tom专有名词开头的字母要大写。,普通名词可分为四类：*个体名词(individual nouns)；*集体名词(collective nouns)；*物质名词(
3、mass nouns)；*抽象名词(abstract nouns)。其中个体名词和集体名词可以用数来数的，称为 可数名词(countable nouns)；物质名词和抽象名词是无法以数计的，称为 不可数名词(uncountable nouns)。,个体名词个体名词指作为个体而存在的人或东西，可以指具体东西，如： She has three brothers.她有三个哥哥。也可指抽象的东西，如： Hes been here for a month.他在这里待一星期了。下面是一些常见的个体名词：accident actor baby bank battle beach camp captain s
4、tar station task teacher tent thought woman,集体名词集体名词是由个体组成的集体的名称，下面是一些常见的集体名词： army audience committee community company crew enemy family flock gang government group herd media navy police public staff team 这些词本身有复数 (注明者除外)，带复数动词，表示多个集体。 单数集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待。一般说来，作为整体时作单数看待，想到它包含的成员时作复数看待。,公众支持它的可
5、能性不大。 The public was unlikely to support it. 公众受到报纸的蒙骗。 The public were deceived by the newspapers.敌人受到重大损失。 The enemy has suffered heavy losses.敌军正在攻打该城。 The enemy were attacking the town.观众自始至终欣赏这次演出。 The audience enjoys every minute of the performance.观众有形形色色的穿着。 The audience are dressed in a var
6、iety of ways.,物质名词物质名词指不可分成个体的物质。下面是一些常见的物质名词：beer cheese cloth coal cotton jam jellyjuice meat medicine oil paint paper perfume plastics poison salad snow tea whisky wine wood yoghurt*有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”，“一杯”等：A dozen beers，please. 请来一打啤酒 *有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一种”：It was a special tea which tasted of
7、orange blossoms. 这是一种特别的茶，有橘子花味。,抽象名词抽象名词主要指一些抽象概念的名称，它们一般是不可数的，没有复数形式，前面也不能加冠词a，an。下面是一些常见的抽象名词： angerbeauty childhoodcomfort confidence courageexperience failure faith fashion fear freedom fun growth respect safety silencetruth violence waste wealth 在多数情况下，这种名词都用于单数形式，并不加任何冠词：Knowledge is power. 知
8、识就是力量。(谚),二、常用不可数名词： 主要是物质名词和抽象名词 advice 忠告主意 age 年龄 baggage 行李 beauty 美丽，漂亮 bread 面包 beer 啤酒 camping 露营 cloth 布 coffee 咖啡 courage 勇气 cream 奶油 damage 损害 death 死亡 dust 尘土 experience 经验 fear 担心 furniture 家具 glass 玻璃 gold 黄金 help 帮助 hope 希望 hair 头发 homework 作业 horror 恐惧 ice 冰 information 消息信息 jam 果酱 ju
9、ice 饮料 knowledge 知识 luggage 行李mercy 仁慈 money 金钱 oil 油 paper 纸 pity 同情 shopping 购物 soap 肥皂 steak 牛排 stone 石头 suspicion 猜疑 silver 银 tea 茶 water 水 weather 天气 wind 风 wine 葡萄酒 wood 木头 work 工作,不可数名词量的表达a piece of news 一条消息 a box of milk 一盒牛奶 a cake of soap 一块肥皂 a drop of oil 一滴油 a grain of sand 一粒沙子 a pan
10、e of glass 一块玻璃 a piece of advice 一条忠告 a pot of jam 一罐果酱 a sheet of paper 一页纸 a glass of beer 一杯啤酒,三、可数名词的复数形式： 有规则和不规则两种。 A. 规则变化(1) 一般在词尾加 -s。如:dog dogs(2) 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词加 -es。如: bus buses, box boxes, watch watches, wish wishes (3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,变y为i加-es。如:country countries, city cities 特别提示 如
11、果名词以“元音字母 + y”结尾,则直接在名词的后面加-s构成复数。如: toy toys, day days(4)以o结尾的名词多数直接加-s, 只有 potato, tomato, Negro, hero 等少数名词加-es构成复数。(5)以f, fe结尾的名词, 变f, fe为v 再加 -es。 如: knife knives, shelf shelves,B. 不规则变化(1)少数名词的变化是不规则的。 如: tooth teeth, man men, woman women, child children (2)在表示某国人的名词中,Chinese和Japanese这两个词 的单、复
12、数形式相同。 如: a Chinese two Chinese (3)还有其它一些单、复数相同的名词。 如: deer deer, sheep sheep, fish fish (fish表示不同种类的鱼时,其复数形式也可以为fishes) (4)有些名词只以复数形式出现。如:clothes, trousers, glasses 这些名词做主语时, 谓语动词要用复数。 如: My clothes are newer than yours.(5) 有些名词看似复数形式,实际上是单数。 如:maths, physics，politics,(6)有些复合名词变成复数时,只将复合名词的主体词变为复数。
13、但当man, woman作定语构成的复合名词变复数时,前后两部分都要变复数。如: a boy student two boy students a woman doctor six women doctors (7)一些集体名词以单数形式出现,但实际上为复数。 如:people, police等本身就是复数,不能说a people, a police, 但可以说 a person, a policeman。特别提示 family也是一个集体名词,指一个家庭的整体时,用作 单数,谓语动词用单数形式;强调家庭成员个体时, 用作复数,谓语动词用复数形式。如: His family is a happ
14、y one. The family are enjoying themselves at the party.,名词所有格 用来表示名词在句子中的所属关系。1. 名词所有格一般由下列方法构成:(1)一般情况下在名词后加“s”。如:Toms book(2)若是以s结尾的复数名词,在s后加“ ”即可。 如: Teachers Day 不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格, 则仍按惯例加“s”。如:Childrens Day2. 关于名词所有格, 应掌握以下几点: (1)名词所有格表示地点时,后面的名词常可以省去。如: to my uncles (去我叔叔家), at the doctors (在诊所)(2
15、)表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加“s”即可。 如: Lucy and Lilys room (两人共同的房间) 如果表示两者各自所属关系,应该在每个后面加“s”, 这时所修饰的名词要用复数。如: Lucys and Lilys rooms (两人均有自己的房间),(3)名词表示无生命的东西时,其所有格形式一般 由 “名词+of +名词” 构成。如: a map of China (4)名词的双重所有格。 “of + 名词s” 这种形式 称为名词的双重所有格,常用来表示整体中的 一部分。如: He is a friend of Li Mings. (他是李明的朋友。),（一）、只能修饰可数
16、名词的词语有: many, many a(n), a good / great many, a (great / large) number of, scores of, dozens of 等。 （二）、只能修饰不可数名词的词语有: much, a great deal of, a great / large amount of 等。 （三）、既能修饰可数名词又能修饰不可数名词的词语有: a lot of, lots of, plenty of (以上三个词语后谓语动词的数依of 后的名词的单复数而定), a great / large quantity of (其后谓语用单数), quan
17、tities of (其后谓语用复数)。,1、花园里还有许多雪。 There is still lots of snow in the garden.2、大厅里放了很多鲜花。 A great quantity of flowers was placed in the hall.3、橱柜里有许多食物。 There are large quantities of food in the cupboard. 4、很多学生都游览过长城。 Many a student has (=many students have) visited the Great Wall. (谓语动词用单数)5、开张后的头几天
18、,很多人去了那儿。 A large number of people went there in the first few days after its opening.,四、名词的构成 主要有三种： 合成、派生与转化。. 合成 : 由两个或更多的词合成一个词。class + room = classroom (名词+名词)black+ board= blackboard (形容词+名词)friendship，greenhouse， fire-fighter，bus-stop， son-in-law (女婿)，editor-in-chief (总编)， fire station (消防站)，
19、music lessons (音乐课)，drinking water(饮用水)，sleeping-pills(安眠药) sunbathing(日光浴)，weightlifting(举重) a black sheep(败家子)，a green house(温室) breakdown(失败),2、转化stop v. 停止 - n.车站love v. 爱 - n. 爱watch v. 观看 - n. 手表look v. 看- have a look n. 看 walk v. 散步,走- take a walk n.散步love v. 爱- your love n. 爱,3、派生-tion educa
20、tion, invitation, prediction-ment development, movement, disappointment -er teacher, worker, runner, singer -or visitor, sailor, tutor, actor -ist ( 人,名词后缀) scientist, terrorist -ese ( 民族,语言,名词后缀) Chinese, Japanese -ness happiness, sadness, carelessness -ity ability, possibility,名词单句改错专题训练 A级 1. Wha
21、t a lot of works I have to finish today! 2. Both Marx and Engels were Germen.3. What a beautiful weather we are having recently!4. Most of them are woman doctors.5. He wrote a three-hundred-words report.,work,Germans,women,word,6. There are four baskets of apple in that room.7. This computer cost me
22、 eight thousands yuan.8. Mr. Zhang looks very happy today. He has got many good news from here.9. This hat of my fathers is rather old.10.He made many mistakes in his composition because of careless.,apples,thousand,much,carelessness,B级 1. Will you please make a room for the lady outside?2. The numb
23、er of the students in our school are increasing.3. She has made some progresses in English.4. His work is better than anyone else.5. Weve missed the last bus. Im afraid we have no way but to take a taxi.,is,progress,elses,choice,6. He dropped the coffees cup and broke it.7. He gained his wealths by
24、printing works of famous writers.8. I spent last weekend with the Palmers.9. My brother has had one of his tooth taken out.10.Youll find this map of great valuable in helping you to get round London.,coffee,wealth,teeth,value,一、语法填空之名词基础练习 1Father went to his doctor for_ (advise) about his heart tro
25、uble 2. There are ten_ (woman) teachers and two hundred _(girl) students in the school 3. Facing cut-throat(激烈的) _ (compete) in all subjects, students must devote as much of their time as possible. 4. I shall never fear difficulty and I shall never know the _ (exist) of the word “failure”. 5. Youll
26、want to know your body language is saying and how to interpret other _(people).,advice,women,girl,competition,existence,peoples,6. Not long ago he sent _(word) that he would return with his family. 7. She was in London and spent her _(young) in China. 8. The _ (erupt) of Mount Kilauea, one of the mo
27、st active volcanoes in Hawaii, is always taking people by surprise. 9. His _ (curious) made him wonder about clouds. 10. Except for some short songs and poems included in his plays, all of _ (Shakespeare) greatest poems are sonnet( 十四行诗).,Word(消息),youth,eruption,curiosity,Shakespeares,11. The number
28、 of languages is getting smaller all the time because of the steady _ (grow) of bigger languages. 12. Tight jeans and trousers, short skirts and even sensible flat shoes may all cause _ (ill). 13. Reduce the amount of it if you suffered from restlessness or _ (sleep) after taking the medicine. 14. I
29、 saw many _ (Japan) seated in the corner and reading something. 15. You should take more _(exercise). Dont always sit at the desk busy doing your _(exercise).,growth,illness,sleepless,Japanese,exercise,exercises,二、高考与各地模拟题中语法填空中的名词考点 1Mr Chen has taught me English since Junior 1, and to show my_ (ap
30、preciate) I decided to get her a present. (07广州一模) 2. You have done well and made great achievement in the _ (entertain) field. (08惠一模) 3. These people have made great _ (contribute) to China with their work.（08茂名二模）,appreciation,entertainment,contributions,4. As far as I am concerned, my _ (suggest
31、) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese-English within easy reach. (08惠二模) 5. I took out my guide book in which there was a lot of information about the citys well-known tourist _ (attract) and started to read. (08广一模)6. But some have put forward the idea that the remains date from
32、this period because of their _ (similar) to those found elsewhere. (08广二模),suggestion,attractions,similarities,7. She took me from a poor, unhappy college student and brought me into her world; a world of smiles, love and _ ( warm ) (08深圳一模) 8. We convey either by words or by actions that failure is
33、 something to be ashamed of and that nothing but top performance meets with our _ (approve). (08深圳二模) 9. Some things looked as if they had not been cared for a long time, but I knew their _( beautify) was still there beneath their own surface. (09深圳一模拟),warmth,approval,beauty,A cat called Mayor Stub
34、bs is celebrating 15 years in charge of the town of Talkeetna, Alaska. Stubbs was 1._ (elect) mayor as a joke by the towns 900 2._ (resident) just after he was born, and has been in charge ever since. He does all the things mayors are supposed to do, 3._ (sell) the town to outside investors by appea
35、ring in local and national 4._ (magazine) and news articles, meeting the 5._ (vote) as they visit him in the local shops, and receiving official correspondence 6._ the form of cards and letters from well wishers. Stubbs job 7._ (come) with some benefits - food and a chalice (a wine glass with his na
36、me 8._ (write) on it). The towns unusual 9._ (choose) of mayor has made 10._ something of a sensation（轰动一时的事情）in the US.,elected,residents,selling,magazines,voters,in,comes,written,choice,it,Its impossible to know the future. We can guess, but no one has actual 1._（知识） of whats going to happen down
37、the road. But if youre someone who trusts his feelings, youre more likely to accurately 2._ （预测未来事件）than people who dont trust their feelings as much. Thats the 3._ （结论 ）of a recent study done by 4._ (research) at Columbia Business School.Through 5._ （一系列8项研究）they found that subjects who had a high
38、amount of trust in their feelings were generally better able to predict things like the outcomes of presidential 6._（选举）, football games, the 7._（胜利者） of American Idol, and even the weather.,knowledge,predict future events,conclusion,researchers,a series of eight studies,elections,winner,How is this
39、 possible, you ask? The point is that when we rely on feelings to make a 8._ (预测), were really summarizing and calling on everything we know about the subject in question. Its similar to what 9._ (记者) Malcolm Gladwell wrote about in his best selling book “Blink” that the more we know about something
40、 the greater our ability to make snap 10._（判断）and predictions without thinking too much. Unlike Gladwells theory, though, the recent study is less about snap decisions and more about consciously deciding to rely on feelings to make predictions. Do that, and youre more likely to be able to sense what may happen in the future.,prediction,journalist,judgements,
