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1、,学术英语 理工,Academic English for Science and Engineering,Unit 2 Searching for Information,Unit Contents,1 Finding reliable and better sources2 Scanning and skimming3 Identifying topic sentences for information4 Guessing word meaning5 Using the organization of the text6 Reading critically7 Taking notes8
2、 Writing a summary,1 Finding reliable and better sources,To evaluate source materialsTasks,Unit 2 Searching for Information,1 Finding reliable and better sources,To evaluate source materials,Is the material a primary or a secondary source? Is the source the latest one? Is the author a reliable schol
3、ar or an expert in the field? Does the author have biases or prejudices? Has the author been cited frequently in the field? Are the authors arguments supported by evidence such as statistics, experiment, recent scientific findings? Are different opinions considered and weighed or simply ignored ? Ar
4、e the authors arguments and conclusions convincing?,Unit 2 Searching for Information,1 Finding reliable and better sources,Tasks,Check the reliability of the sources on Page 40.Search for source materials your paper may use and then write down the titles and sources of the articles. The model is giv
5、en on Page 41.Mark the reasons for your choice of the articles.,Unit 2 Searching for Information,2 Scanning and skimming,Tips for scanning and skimmingTask 1 using scanning and skimming strategy Text 5 Can you complete with A.I. for the Next job?,Unit 2 Searching for Information,2 Scanning and skimm
6、ing,Tips for scanning and skimming,keep in mind at all times what you are searching for (e.g., the definition of a term, the effect of a phenomenon); search thesis statements and topic sentences in paragraphs for the information you want to gain; use the knowledge of the essay organization (such as
7、cause-effect, comparison-contrast, problem-solution) to find what you are looking for; pay attention to signal words such as numbers, letters, steps, the words such as first, second, and next, or words that are bold-faced, italics, or in different sizes, fonts, etc.,Scanning:,Unit 2 Searching for In
8、formation,2 Scanning and skimming,Tips for scanning and skimming,the title and subtitles; the abstract (if there is one); the introduction and thesis; the first or last paragraphs of the essays/chapters; headings and subheadings; the conclusion and summaries; the first sentence or the last sentence
9、of each paragraph; highlighted texts such as words in bold or italic text; graphs, tables or diagrams.,Skimming:,Unit 2 Searching for Information,2 Scanning and skimming,What does “A.I.” in the title stand for?,Artificial intelligence.,2 What is the main idea of the article you may predict from the
10、title?,3 What does the story in the first paragraph imply?,The article may argue for/again the idea that Artificial intelligence will replace human jobs in the future.,The story tells that computerization threatens to replace many white-collar jobs.,Unit 2 Searching for Information,2 Scanning and sk
11、imming,4 What does the last paragraph suggest in terms of the authors attitude?,The author is optimistic and may not agree that machines will replace human jobs.,5 What is the topic sentence of the second paragraph?,The specter of automation unemploying us all may have finally arrived.,Unit 2 Search
12、ing for Information,2 Scanning and skimming,6 The key sentence refers to the sentence informing readers of the attitude of the author. Can you locate the key sentence(s) in the first three paragraphs?,7 Can you locate the places where the idea of the key sentence is repeated?,But the mass job shrink
13、age that these observers all expected did not come.,Yet Americans as a whole were not automated out of work (Para. 8, L1).Yet, through all that, more new jobs appeared (Para. 11, L2).,Unit 2 Searching for Information,2 Scanning and skimming,8 What does the subheading “Demands of a new economy” tell
14、us?,Man will not lose jobs because there will always be demands of a new economy.,9 What does one of Leinbachs neighbors mean when she wrote about the order of her shoes?,10 What does the subheading “Saving leads to spending” mean?,The neighbors would prefer to order the shoes from machine-handling
15、factories.,Saving will lead to spending which in turn will create newer, perhaps better jobs tomorrow.,Unit 2 Searching for Information,Unit 2 Searching for information,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 5,2 Scanning and skimming,1 What was the virtual end of farming in American his
16、tory? Please explain the declining trend of farming workers in the US.,The biggest occupational displacement in American history was the virtual end of farming. Declining trend: Around the time of the Revolution, about 90 percent of Americans were involved in farming. But as the agricultural industr
17、y grew, it needed fewer and fewer workers. The absolute number of people who worked at farming and ranching hit its peak in about 1910at around 11 or 12 millionand then the number dropped off rapidly. Today, agriculture provides fewer than two million jobs.,Additional questions for your understandin
18、g of Text 5,2 What is the example the writer gives to show that automation made products cheaper?,The example is: Around 1900 a pound of bread cost an American about half an hour of hard factory work; around 2000, a pound of fresher, more nutritious bread cost about five minutes of much easier work.
19、,2 Scanning and skimming,Unit 2 Searching for information,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 5,3 What does the historical trend in American work suggest?,The historical trend in American work suggests some optimism that better jobs for humans are coming, but history also suggests th
20、at few trends move in the same direction for very long.,2 Scanning and skimming,Unit 2 Searching for information,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,5 c,10 i,1 e,2 h,3 a,4 g,6 b,7 j,8 f,9 d,2 Scanning and skimming,Unit 2 Searching for information,Enhancing your a
21、cademic language,Match the words with their definitions.,2 Scanning and skimming,1 electric power (自动化) equipment2 (职业的) disease3 illegal (移民)4 Music can (振奋) your spirits.5 result in substantial population (转移)6 the (手工制作的) furniture7 He has (在牧场工作) in the north for 20 years.8 eat (有营养的) food9 be (
22、卷入) in the trouble10 a new (装配) line11 (屈服) to the enemy12 make (难以置信的) progress13 unrealistic (乐观)14 in recent (暴徒) violence,automation,occupational,immigrant,uplift,displacement,hand-crafted,ranched,nutritious,involved,assembly,yield,incredible,optimism,mob,Unit 2 Searching for information,Enhanci
23、ng your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,2 Scanning and skimming,15 get (专业的) help16 the luggage should be (加上标签)17 financial (分析员)18 trade (盈余)19 attack on pearl (海港)20 a professional (专栏作家)21 the (事实上的) manager of the business22 underestimate the strength of the (革命的) forc
24、es23 untie the (鞋带) and take off your shoes24 trying to (削弱) his authority25 (交换) furs for guns26 a(n) (可诉讼的) case27 raise the (恐惧) of oil crisis28 (仔细翻看) through her purse29 He has got a(n) (大量的) of money.,professional,labelled,analyst,surplus,harbor,columnist,virtual,revolutionary,undercut,lace,ba
25、rter,litigable,specter,sift,pot,Unit 2 Searching for information,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the paragraph,2 Scanning and skimming,Robots are playing (越来越重要的作用) in our life. They replaced humans in the assistance of performing those repetitive and dangerous tasks, (那些人类不愿做或不能做的事) such
26、as in outer space or at the bottom of the sea (以及诸如此类的事) where humans could not survive the extreme environments. But the important role of robots does not (解决人类的担忧). (问题提了出来): Will robots control man?,increasingly important role,tasks humans prefer not to do,or are unable to do,and the like,settle
27、mans worries,Some questions are raised,Unit 2 Searching for information,Enhancing your academic language,Translate the following sentences from Text 5 into Chinese.,1 最近在纽约时报上刊登的一篇文章谈到了一种新计算机软件，该软件在瞬间就能通过数以千计的法律文件筛选并寻找到那些可诉讼的条款，这为律师们节省了在阅读文件上所花费的数百小时。,2 他们主要靠耕种来养活自己，然后再多种一些用以物品交易或卖一些盈余。,3 从事农业和畜牧业者的
28、绝对数量大约在1910年时达到顶峰（约有1,1001,200万），在此之后人数便急剧下降。,2 Scanning and skimming,Unit 2 Searching for information,Enhancing your academic language,Translate the following sentences from Text 5 into Chinese.,4 这个故事总结了美国几个世纪以来的工作经历，从失业工人的层面上讲是悲剧，但从全国劳动力的层面上讲是件好事。,5 人工智能是一种新的自动化技术吗？是一种削弱了曾经是20世纪末就业标志的脑力工作的技术吗？是一种
29、只会消除更好的工作机会的技术吗？,2 Scanning and skimming,Unit 2 Searching for information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,Two parts of a topic sentenceTask 1Task 2 Task 3 Text 6 Game Theory,Unit 2 Searching for Information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,A topic sentence consists of two
30、parts:,Modern technology + intrudes into modern mens fun and relaxation Nutritional deficiency + is a major problem of elderly Americans,topic + a comment,Examples:,Unit 2 Searching for Information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,the definition of “hacker”: Paragraph _,Which paragraphs
31、 will you read in detail if you want to get the following information?,the ways to protect your computer from hackers: Paragraph _,2,11,Unit 2 Searching for Information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,1 Game theory is the science of strategy. (Para. 1),Games are fundamentally different
32、 from decisions made in a neutral environment. (Para. 3),The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies. (Para. 4),A general principle for a player in a sequential-move game is to look ahead and reason back. (Para. 5),Unit 2 Searching for Information,3 Identifying topic sentences
33、for information,In contrast to the linear chain of reasoning for sequential games, a game with simultaneous moves involves a logical circle. (Para. 7),6 Another way to make threats credible is to employ the adventuresome strategy of brinkmanshipdeliberately creating a risk that if other players fail
34、 to act as one would like them to, the outcome will be bad for everyone. (Para. 17),Unit 2 Searching for Information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,the definition of “game theory”: Paragraph _,the general principles of a player: Paragraph _,the fundamentals of game theory: Paragraph _
35、,1,5-10,12-19,Unit 2 Searching for Information,Unit 2 Searching for information,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 6,1 What does game theory attempt to do?,It attempts to determine mathematically and logically the actions that “players” should take to secure the best outcomes for th
36、emselves in a wide array of “games”.,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,Additional questions for your understanding of Text 6,2 The writer mentions that “The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies.” What are the two distinct types of strategic interdependence? Pleas
37、e explain.,Sequential and simultaneous. In the former the players move in sequence, each aware of the others previous actions. In the latter the players act at the same time, each ignorant of the others actions.,Unit 2 Searching for information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,Additiona
38、l questions for your understanding of Text 6,3 In the case of “the prisoners dilemma”, if suspect A confess, what should suspect B do to avoid especially harsh punishment?,Suspect B had better confess to avoid harsh punishment.,Unit 2 Searching for information,3 Identifying topic sentences for infor
39、mation,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,5 h,10 g,1 d,2 f,3 i,4 b,6 c,7 a,8 e,9 j,Unit 2 Searching for information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,1 Some places are (有问题的) fo
40、r women traveling alone.2 I have to make some (推测).3 go through what he calls a period of political (边缘政策)4 She reminds us of the famous (格言).5 enjoy the (垄断) of cigarette business6 try to (隐藏) his envy7 If you want a(n) (份额) of the pay, youll have to do your fair share of the work.8 They threatened
41、 him with a(n) (诉讼).9 No difficulty can (阻止) us from trying it again.10 joint together for (相互的) benefits,problematic,presumptions,brinkmanship,dictum,monopoly,conceal,share,lawsuit,deter,mutual,Unit 2 Searching for information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,Enhancing your academic la
42、nguage,Match the words with their definitions.,11 If you are serious about our relationship, you should make (保证).12 promise never to (泄露) his secret13 a(n) (有目的的) decision and action14 (过得) badly during those days15 the (相互依赖) between humans and nature16 The troops were thoroughly (士气低落) by this se
43、tback.17 The children helped the old man (共同地).18 He (规定) payment in advance.19 The car is sold with a 12-month (担保).20 The benefits have (超过) the risk.21 Too much food will (引起) sleepiness.22 force applied (一致地) over a surface,commitment,reveal,purposive,fare,interdependence,demoralized,collectivel
44、y,stipulated,warranty,outweighed,induce,uniformly,Unit 2 Searching for information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,Enhancing your academic language,Match the words with their definitions.,23 the (最佳的) method for improving speaking practice24 refuse to (承认) to his crime25 Even the best
45、quality rubber will (毁坏) with age.26 Unless the employers (采取行动) quickly, there will be a strike.27 be faced with a(n) (两难境地)28 remain (中立的) in the war29 (无法忍受的) temper and attitude30 The right hand is (占优势的) in most people.31 His statement doesnt (符合) with the facts.32 the (结果) of the election33 (吓
46、退) the man off34 It is a(n) (直线的) diagram.,optimal,confess,perish,dilemma,move,neutral,intolerable,dominant,square,bluff,outcome,linear,Unit 2 Searching for information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,Enhancing your academic language,Complete the paragraph,Few social situations can be
47、modeled by a single interaction. The strategy one uses to (为自己得到最好的结果) depends on his experience in previous interactions. (为了说明这一点), the paper (尝试运用) the example of a game. A player is likely to cooperate only if his opponent previously demonstrated willingness to cooperate, (这个过程就导致了) a relationsh
48、ip of mutual reciprocity. (这种例子还出现) in other situations where social interaction occurs.,secure the best outcomes for himself,To illustrate the point,attempts to use,a process that leads to,Such an example also arises,Unit 2 Searching for information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,Enh
49、ancing your academic language,Translate the following sentences from Text 6 into Chinese.,1 就前者来说，玩家按照顺序移动，（那么）每个人都了解其他玩家之前的动作。就后者而言，玩家同时做出动作，则不了解其他玩家的动作。,2 当一个人思考别人会如何反应的时候，他必须站在别人的角度，用和他们一样的思考方式进行思考；一个人不能将自己的推理强加在别人的身上。,3 尽管各位玩家同时做出动作，不知道其他玩家当前的动作，然而，每个玩家都必须明白其他玩家也和自己一样有同样的想法等等。,Unit 2 Searching f
50、or information,3 Identifying topic sentences for information,Enhancing your academic language,Translate the following sentences from Text 6 into Chinese.,4 事实上，有众所周知不好的例子，如：“囚徒困境”（见下文），在这个游戏中如果每个人追求自我的最佳利益，那么所有玩家都会卷入一个糟糕的结局。,5 这种合作行为可通过反复玩这个游戏实现，因为这种由作弊暂时获得的利益会被由于合作破裂引起的长期的损失所压倒。,Unit 2 Searching fo
