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1、Lesson 2 Internal Combustion Engine (Part ),交通运输专业英语,基本要求： 通过本章的学习，使学生掌握内燃机的结构和工作原理相关专业英语词汇及表述方法，使学生能流利阅读准确翻译相关语句，并掌握常用英汉互译技巧。 重点难点： 流利阅读相关文献，准确翻译短句。,New Words & Expressions:,Self-contained 独立的 compress vt.压缩piston n.活塞 crankshaft n.曲轴 crank n.曲柄carburetor n.化油器 connecting rod 连杆 rod n.杆，棒rocker n.摇
2、臂 rock n.岩石，摇动；v.摇动，摆动rocker arm 摇臂pushrod n.推杆 distributor n.分配器，配电器 distribute v.camshaft n.凸轮轴 cam n. valve lifter 阀门挺杆 valve n.阀oil filter 机油滤清器 filter n.;v. oil pump 机油泵top dead centre 上止点 bottom dead centre 下止点,manifold n.化歧管，支管，导管 n.复印本，多种；a.多种的；v.复写，增多 eg. manifold effect inlet n.进气，入口inlet
3、valve n.进气阀 induction n.引入，诱导，感应，进气exhaust v.;n.排出;排气(口),废气 exhaust valve 排气阀stagger v.交错 bore n.孔 v. bore a holeventuri n .缩喉管 jet n.喷嘴throttle n.节流阀 depression n.降低，下降，衰减pivot n.枢轴，支点 vi,在枢轴上传动；vt.装枢轴于 tilt v.倾斜，翻转principle：原则，原理；准则，道义 principal：主要的，首要的 vacuum：真空，真空度 revolution：革命，循环，周期sectional：截
4、面的，剖面的；部分的，局部的,1 Principle of Operation,The engine is a self-contained power unit which converts the heat energy of fuel into mechanical energy for moving the vehicle.发动机是一个独立的动力装置，它把燃料燃烧产生的热能转变成机械能，从而推动车辆运行。Because fuel is burned within, the engine is known as an internal combustion (IC) engine. In
5、 the IC engine, an air-fuel mixture is introduced into a closed cylinder where it is compressed and then ignited. introduce：介绍，引荐；引进；输入，传入由于燃料在发动机气缸内燃烧，因此发动机被称为内部燃烧发动机。在内燃机中，空气和燃油的混合物被引入一个封闭的气缸，在气缸内空气和燃油的混合物先被压缩，然后被点燃。The burning of the fuel (combustion) causes a rapid rise in cylinder pressure whic
6、h is converted to useful mechanical energy by the piston and crank-shaft.燃烧引起气缸内压力迅速上升，而这快速上升的压力，通过活塞和曲轴转化成非常有用的机械能。,The fuel may be ignited either by a spark or by compression giving rise to classifications of spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. give rise to：引起，使发生giving rise
7、 to: 得到结果（状语，直译：这样，从而，因此，使）classification：分类，分级，类别燃油可以由火花或者通过压缩点燃，从而分为火花点燃式和压燃式两种类型的发动机。An sectional engine view of a typical spark ignition petrol engine is shown in Fig.2.1, detailing the major components.sectional：截面的，剖面的；部分的，局部的detailing：详述，细说component：组成部分，零件，部件图2.1为典型点燃式汽油发动机的剖面图 ，详细展示了发动机的主要部
8、件。,The four strokes of such an engine are shown in Fig.2.2. 点燃式汽油发动机的4冲程如图2.2所示。At the beginning of the induction stroke (Fig.2.2a), the inlet valve opens and the piston travels down the cylinder from top dead centre (TDC) to bottom dead centre (BDC). 在进气冲程（图2.2a）开始时，进气门开启，活塞从气缸的上止点下行至下止点。The partia
9、l vacuum created by the moving piston causes the air-fuel mixture to rush in from the inlet manifold and through the open valve, into the cylinder. partial:部分的,不完全的;不公平的,偏袒的 vacuum:真空,真空度活塞运动引起的不完全真空使空燃混合气从进气管经进气门冲入到气缸。The correct air-fuel mixture is provided by the carburetor. 精确的空气燃油混合气是由化油器所提供。Wh
10、en the piston reaches the end of its stroke the inlet valve closes, sealing the top end of the cylinder as both valves are closed.第一个end:终点，终了； 第二个end:端面，端部 当活塞到达行程终点时，进气门关闭，因两个气门都关闭，气缸顶部被密封。,In Fig.2.2b the piston is moving up the cylinder, compressing the air-fuel mixture between the piston and cy
11、linder head to a very small volumethe compression stroke.Is moving up the cylinder=is moving up in the cylinder在图2.2b中，活塞在气缸中向上运动，将活塞与气缸顶部间的可燃混合气压缩成很小的体积，这就是压缩冲程。 Just before TDC an electrical spark, generated across the electrodes of the spark plug, ignites the air-fuel mixture.在活塞到达上止点之前，由火花塞电极产生电
12、火花点燃可燃混合气。electrode:电极For good performance the timing of the spark must be closely controlled.为了得到良好的性能，必须对点火时间进行精确的控制。,As the mixture burns, the hot gas expands causing a rapid and extreme rise in cylinder pressure, to such an extent that the piston is forced down the cylinder and the connecting ro
13、d gives the crankshaft a powerful turning effort. This is the combustion stroke, also called the power stroke, shown in Fig.2.2c.Turning effort：翻转力，回转力to such an extent that : 结果，甚至于随着混合气燃烧，热空气膨胀，气缸压力急剧上升，以致活塞被迫向气缸下方运动，使连杆对曲轴作用一个强大的回转力。这就是燃烧冲程，也称为作功冲程，如图2.2c所示。Once the mixture has been burned it mus
14、t be removed from the cylinder as quickly as possible. 一旦混合气被燃烧，它必须尽可能快地从气缸内排出。In the exhaust stroke (Fig.2.2d) the rising piston pushes the hot gases and combustion products out of the cylinder through the open exhaust valve and exhaust system into the earths atmosphere.在排气冲程（图2.2d），上升的活塞将热空气和燃烧产物推
15、出气缸，并通过排气门和排气系统将他们排到大气中去。,This sequence of events is repeated continually, with power delivered to the crankshaft on only one of the four strokesthe combustion stroke. 这一系列的过程不断重复，而动力只在四个冲程中的一个燃烧冲程中传递给曲轴。Crankshaft rotation continues through the other strokes due to the kinetic energy of the heavy f
16、lywheel which is connected to the crankshaft.kinetic：运动的 kinetics:运动学 kinetic energy:动能因为与曲轴相连的较重飞轮的动能，使曲轴能在其他冲程中持续旋转。 Note that the crankshaft rotates through two full revolutions for each four-stroke cycle and a spark occurs only once in the cylinder. revolution：革命，循环，周期值得注意的是，在每一个4冲程循环中，曲轴旋转两周而气缸
17、只点火一次。In a multicylinder engine, power strokes of each cylinder are staggered so that power is delivered almost continuously to the crankshaft for a smooth operation.在多气缸发动机中，每个气缸的做功冲程是交替进行的，这样动力就几乎可以持续不断的送给曲轴，使发动机平稳运行。,2 Mixture Supply System,Fuel stored in a large tank, is fed via a pump to the ca
18、rburetor. via：经过，经由，通道燃油被储存于一个大油箱中，通过油泵供给化油器。The carburetor (Fig.2.3) mixes the liquid petrol with filtered air on its way to the cylinders and in the process turns it into a vapor.在过滤过的空气通往气缸的通道上，化油器（图2.3）将它与液态汽油混合，并在此过程中将汽油雾化。,The inlet manifold(Fig.2.4) directs the mixture to the cylinders. 进气歧管（
19、图2.4）把混合气导入气缸。The ratio of air to fuel in the mixture delivered to the cylinder is controlled by the size and shape of the carburetor bore and venturi, and the size of the fuel metering jets. metering jets：计量，测量；计量器，仪表送入气缸的混合气的空燃比由化油器孔和喉管的尺寸、形状及燃油的量孔尺寸控制。The standard manual control for the amount of
20、 air and fuel mixture delivered to the engine is the throttle valve, which is controlled by the drivers depression of the accelerator pedal. accelerator pedal: 加速踏板用于人工控制发动机可燃混合气量的标准装置是节气门，而节气门受驾驶员踩下加速踏板的量的控制。The throttle valve is simply a round disc, mounted on a thin pivot shaft so that it can be
21、tilted at different angles under the control of the accelerator pedal. 节气门只是一个圆盘，被装在一个细的枢轴上，这样它就可以在加速踏板的控制下翻转不同的角度。,In the vertical position the throttle valve offers virtually no restriction and the full volume of air and fuel passes to the cylinders to produce maximum engine power. 在垂直的位置时，节气门实际上没
22、有任何限制作用，最大量的可燃混合气进入气缸，发动机产生最大的动力。As the throttle valve moves towards the horizontal position the airflow is restricted (throttled) and engine power and speed is reduced accordingly. 当节气门向水平位置移动时，气流受到限制，发动机的动力和速度也相应下降。In normal operation the air-fuel ratio (by mass) varies, typically, in the range12:
23、1 to 17:1.在通常的工况下，空燃比（质量）会发生变化，而典型的变化范围在12：1到17：1之间。,choke valvethrottle valve,常用英汉互译技巧,一、增译法根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。1、汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。2、英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使
24、用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。3、英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。4、在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。,常用英汉互译技巧,例1. Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词）例2. 这是这两代计算机的又一个共同点。 This
25、 is yet another common point between the computers of the two generations.（增译介词）例3. Individual mathematicians often have their own way of pronouncing mathematical expressions and in many cases there is no generally accepted “correct” pronunciation. 每个数学家对数学公式常常有各自的读法，在许多情况下，并不存在一个普遍接受的所谓“正确”读法。(增加隐含
26、意义的词)例4. 只有在可能发生混淆、或要强调其观点时，数学家才使用较长的读法。 It is only when confusion may occur, or where he/she wishes to emphasis the point, that the mathematician will use the longer forms. (增加主语),常用英汉互译技巧,二、省译法这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如：例1. You will be staying in this hotel du
27、ring your visit in Beijing.你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。（省译物主代词）例2. I hope you will enjoy your stay here.希望您在这儿过得愉快。（省译主语）例3. 中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省译名词)例4. The development of IC made it possible for electronic devices to become
28、smaller and smaller.集成电路的发展是电子器件可以做得越来越小。(省译形式主语it),常用英汉互译技巧,三、转换法 在翻译过程中，为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯，对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换：1、在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。2、在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。3、在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。4、在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。 例1. To
29、o much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词)例2. 由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)例3. 时间不早了，我们回去吧！We dont have much time
30、left. Lets go back. (句型转换),常用英汉互译技巧,四、拆句法和合并法 例1. Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。（在主谓连接处拆译）例3. 中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only o
31、ne tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.（合译法）例4. Packet switching is a method of slicing digital messages into parcels called “packets,” sending the packets along different communication paths as they become available, and then reassemb
32、ling the packets once they arrive at their destination.分组交换是传输数据的一种方法，它先将数据信息分割成许多称为“分组”的数据信息包；当路径可用时，经过不同的通信路径发送；当到达目的地后，再将它们组装起来。(将长定语从句拆成几个并列的分句),常用英汉互译技巧,五、正译法和反译法这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道 。例1. 你可以
33、从因特网上获得这一信息。You can obtain this information on the Internet. （正译）This information is accessible/available on the Internet. （反译）例2. 他突然想到了一个新主意。Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译)He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译)A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. （反译）,常用英汉互译技巧,六、倒置法在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修
34、饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。例1. At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the worl
35、d.此时此刻，通过现代通信手段的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。（部分倒置）例2. 改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.(全部倒置),常用英汉互译技巧,七、包孕法 这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长，否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛
36、。例1. IP multicasting is a set of technologies that enables efficient delivery of data to many locations on a network.IP多信道广播是使数据向网络中许多位置高效传送的一组技术。例2. What brings us together is that we have common interests which transcend those differences. 使我们走到一起的，是我们有超越这些分歧的共同利益。,常用英汉互译技巧,八、插入法 指把难以处理的句子成分用破折号、括
37、号或前后逗号插入译句中。这种方法主要用于笔译中。偶尔也用于口译中，即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。如：如果说宣布收回香港就会像夫人说的“带来灾难性的影响”，那我们将勇敢地面对这个灾难，做出决策。If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as Madam put it, “disastrous effects,” we will face that disaster squarely and make a new policy decision.,常用英汉互译技巧,九、重组法在进行英译
38、汉时，为了使译文流畅和更符合汉语叙事论理的习惯，在捋清英语长句的结构、弄懂英语原意的基础上，彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式，对句子进行重新组合。如：Decision must be made very rapidly; physical endurance is tested as much as perception, because an enormous amount of time must be spent making certain that the key figures act on the basis of the same information and purpose.必须
39、把大量时间花在确保关键人物均根据同一情报和目的行事，而这一切对身体的耐力和思维能力都是一大考验。因此，一旦考虑成熟，决策者就应迅速做出决策。,常用英汉互译技巧,十、综合法 把难以处理的句子成分用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中。这种方法主要用于笔译中。偶尔也用于口译中，即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。例如：如果说宣布收回香港就会像夫人说的“带来灾难性的影响”，那我们将勇敢地面对这个灾难，做出决策。If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as Madam put it, “disas
40、trous effects,” we will face that disaster squarely and make a new policy decision. 单用某种翻译技巧无法译出时，着眼篇章，以逻辑分析为基础，同时使用转换法、倒置法、增译法、省译法、拆句法等多种翻译技巧的方法。如： Behind this formal definition are three extremely important concepts that are the basis for understanding the Internet: packet switching, the TCP/IP co
41、mmunications protocol, and client/server computing. 在这个正式的定义背后，隐含着三个极其重要的概念：分组交换、TCP/IP(传输控制协议/网际协议)通信协议和客户机/服务器计算技术，它们乃是理解因特网的基础。,习 题,(一) 填空题 (1) Engine is a ( ) power unit. (2) When piston moves up it will ( ) the gas in the sealed cylinder.(3) Piston links to crankshaft through a ( ).(4) Traditio
42、nally, we use ( ) to mix air and fuel and convert liquid fuel into vapor.(5) The opening or closing of intake valve is controlled by the valve and camshaft system, it contains camshaft, ( ), ( ) and valve lift.(6) Oil is fed to carburetor from oil tank through ( ) and ( ).(7) ( ) is the up most position that piston can move to.(8) ( ) is the lowest position piston can move to in the cylinder.(9) When ( ) opened air and fuel mixture rush into the cylinder.(10) Burned gases were removed from combustion chamber through ( ) valve.(二) 描述题 利用自己的语言对发动机的4个冲程的过程进行描述。,
