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1、AB级考试语法综述,一.词汇：,A级：认知3400个英语单词以及由这些词构成的常用词组，对其中2000个左右的单词能正确拼写，英汉互译。 B级：认知2500个英语单词以及由这些词构成的常用词组，对其中1500左右的单词能正确拼写，英汉互译。,二.语法,1）Tense（11时态）.1 Simple present，past，future（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时）present and past progressive（现在进行时和过去进行时）3 Future Progressive（将来进行时）4 Present and past perfect（现在完成时和过去完成时）5 Futu
2、re perfect（将来完成时）6 Present perfect progressive（现在完成进行时）7 Past perfect progressive（过去完成进行时 ）,时态,1一般现在时：表示通常性、规律性、习惯性事件的一种时间状态。基本结构：主语+am/is /are+表语=Lucy is at home now. 主语+do/dose（+宾语）=I always get up early.注：主语是任何一个单数名词或者是第三人称单数，谓语动词要进行必要的变化。特别提一点：不可数名词也算作单数处理。2一般过去时：一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性
3、的动作、行为；过去主语所具备的能力和性格。基本结构：主语+was/were+表语= I was late yesterday. 主语+did （+宾语）= She broke a glass just now.,时态,3一般将来时：表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。基本结构：主语+be going to/shall/will+do= My mother is going to/will buy me a computer.4现在进行时：表示动作发生的时间是“现在”，动作目前的状态是“正在进行中”。说话的时候这个动作还在进行。基本结构：主语+am/is/are d
4、oing +(宾语)=Mr. Green is writing another novel. 5过去进行时：表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作基本结构：主语+was/were doing +(宾语)=I was typing a letter last night.,时态,6 将来进行时：将来进行时主要表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时间开始，并继续下去的动作。基本结构：主语+will be doing =Please come tomorrow afternoon.Tomorrow morning Ill be having a meeting.7 现在完成时
5、:过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果，过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态基本结构：主语+have/has done(+宾语)=He has already obtained a scholarship. 8 过去完成时:表示发生在过去的过去的动作。基本结构：主语+had done+（宾语）= I had already finished my homework by the time he came.,时态,9将来完成时：表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作基本结构：主语+will/shall+have+done=Mary will have gone
6、to Mexico next month.10现在完成进行时：表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。基本结构：主语+have（has）been+doing = Scientists have been working on this project for a very long time.11过去完成进行时:表示某个过去正在进行的动作或状态，持续到过去某个时刻方才结束.基本结构：主语 +had been doing =He had been writing the letter till two oclock,语态：主动 被动,概述：主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主
7、语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，或者是说动作不是由语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态。7种时态及情态动词的被动语态基本结构,1.一般现在时：am/is/are +done2.一般过去式：was/were+done3.一般将来时：will/shall/be going to be+done4.现在进行时：am/is/are+being done5.过去进行时：was/were+being done6.现在完成时：have/has been done7.过去完成时：had been done8.过去将来时：would be done9.情态动词：can/may/must+be do
8、ne,We will build a new campus here next year.I just finished my homework two minuets ago.Mother is making a cake.He has already obtained the degree.I was watering the plant when he came in.People can change water power into electricity now.,Exercise,1.You can see the house _ for years.A. isnt painte
9、d Bhasnt painted C.hasnt been painted D.hadnt painted2.Some new oil fields _ since 1976A.were opened up B.has opened up C.have been opened up D.had been opened up3.Doctors _ in every part of the worldA.need B.are needing C.are needed D.will need4.No permission has _ for anybody to enter the building
10、.A.been given B.given C.to give D.be giving5.I _ ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.A.gave B.was given C.was giving D.had given,Exercise,6.In some parts of the world,tea _ with milk and sugarA.is serving B.is served C.serves D.served7.Paper money _ for over a thousand years.A.us
11、ed B.has been used C.has used D.is using8.She _ for what she has doneA.ought to praise B.ought to praisedC.ought be praised D.ought to be praised9.His new book _ next monthA.will be published B.is publishing C.is being published D.has been published10.Can such a thing _ happening again?A.prevent fro
12、m B.prevented from C.be prevented from D.to prevent from,语气,英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。 概念：虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。条件：在表示虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气。表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气，即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法，而不是根据客观实际时。,应用类型1：,第一类：非真实条件句 条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性
13、不大的情况 If he doesnt hurry up,he will miss the bus.如果他不快点，就赶不上车了。If there were no air, people would die.如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（非真实，虚拟语气） 注；在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was,非真实条件句中用法及形式,对情况相反的假设或主观推测,Making sentences,1) 如果他明天来这里，我一定告诉他实情（tell him the truth.）2)如果他现在在这里，一定会告诉我们该怎么做。（what to do）3)如果我那时好好学习（study h
14、ard），我就能上北大了。（go to Peking University）,Examples：,与过去事实相反的假设1. If I had gotten there earlier, I should/would have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了） 2.If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话） 3. If I had enough time, I would have read this book
15、 again.如果有足够时间，我一定会把这本书再读一遍。（事实：没有时间）,Examples:,与现在情况相反的假设：1.If I were you, I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你，我会带把伞（事实：我不是你） 2.If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你(事实：不知道） 3.If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。
16、(事实：地球上既有空气也有水),Examples:,1.If he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him. 如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈（事实：来的可能性很小） 2.If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了（事实：不知能否下雪） 3.If she were to be here next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一在这儿的话，我就会告诉她
17、这件事的始末。,省略If的倒装句,当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were, should, had等词置于句首Examples: Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him towork here. (If he had leant about computers.)Were she here, she would agree with us. (If she were here)Should he agree to go there, we woul
18、d send him there. (If he should agree to go there.),应用类型2：,表示将来难以实现的愿望 should/would + 动词原形,Examples,Its time that we took a break=Its time to take a break.I wish I were young as you are./ I wish I had taken my wallet.I would rather you stopped talking./Id rather you had seen the film yesterday. He t
19、alked as if he had known everything.,应用类型3,一想要(desire)二宁愿(prefer)三命令(order. command)四建议(advice. suggest. propose)五要求(demand. require. request. . insist)中，无论主句谓语动词为何种时态，从句的谓语动词都用：should + do。should可以省略 .,应用类型4,表情绪.观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气.如:necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、righ
20、t、wrong、better、a pity等。 句型：It is.that +主语（+should）+do It necessary that he (should) be sent to the mental hospital.It is advisable that the pupils (should) take morning exercises.,应用类型5,含蓄条件句：条件暗含在with, without, but for（要不是）, or（否则）, otherwise （否则）, except for（除了）, under the condition, in the positi
21、on of 等介词短语中，谓语要用虚拟形式。What would I have done without you?= If it not had been you.He must be strong, or he never could have beaten that great beast.But for the storm, the ship would have reached its destination on time,We didnt know his telephone number, otherwise we would have telephoned him.,非谓语动词
22、,非谓语动词，又叫非限定动词，在句中不可单独用作谓语，它们不受主语的限定，没有人称和数的变化，具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，它在句中可以用作其它句子成分。非谓语动词有三种：不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词、过去分词)。Scientists hope to find a cure for cancer. （宾语）Backpacking is popular among college students.（主语）People walking in poorly lighted areas at night should be extremely careful.（定语）Badly damaged c
23、ars should be mended by an experienced repairman . （定语）,动词不定式-作主语,动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首。To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。 It+be+名词+to do =Its our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb+some time+to do=How long did it tak
24、e you to finish the work? It+be+形容词+for sb+to do=It is difficult for us to finish writing thecomposition in a quarter of an hour. It+be+形容词+of sb+to do =It is stupid of you to write downeverything the teacher says. It seems(appears)+形容词+to do =It seemed impossible to save money.,作宾语,（1）以下动词后，只能跟不定式作
25、宾语 afford （付得起），agree（同意），aim(力求做到), appear（显得），arrange（安排），ask（要求），attempt （试图），care（想要），choose（决定），claim（声称），decide（决定），demand（要求），determine（决心），expect（期待），fail（未履行），help（帮助）hope（希望），learn（学会），manage（设法），neglect（疏忽），offer（主动提出），plan（计划），prepare（准备），pretend（假装），proceed（接着做），promise（答应），prove（证明），re
26、fuse（拒绝），seem（觉得好像），swear（发誓），tend（往往会），volunteer（自愿做），want（想要），wish（希望） happen（碰巧）等 Examples:The driver failed to see the other car in time. I happen to know the answer to your question,作宾语,（2） 动词+疑问词+ 不定式 decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out
27、, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. I cant make up my mind which to buy.I cant figure out what to do.Mother is telling me when to leave.注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。 The question is how to put it into practice.,作补语,（1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do) adviseallowbelievecausechallengeencourageforbidforcefind
28、hire invitelikeorderpermitpersuaderemindrequestrequireselectsendsupposetelltrain 例句：Father will not allow us to play on the street. We believe him to be guilty.,作表语,不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.
29、 What I would suggest is to put off the meeting,省to的动词不定式,使役动词 let, have, make ，get感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。Let me finish itIll have Mary type the letter for me.I saw a man enter the house. 动词不定式的否定式.not to do. 动词不定时的被动语态：to be done,Ex
30、ercise,1.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 2.Mrs Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never drive C. never driving D. never drive. 3.I saw him _ out of the room. A. go B. had go
31、ne C. has gone D. goes 4.There isnt any difference between the two. I really dont know _. A. where to choose B. which to choose C. to choose what D. to choose which 5.He doesnt know _ to stay or not. whether B. if C. either D. if he will,Exercise,6.We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet
32、. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met7. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking8.Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 9.They wont
33、let their teacher _ in that way. A. to be treated B. being treated C. treated D. be treated 10. The problem _ at tomorrows meeting is a very difficult one. A. being discussed B. discussed C. to be discussed D. to discuss,动名词,如果一个动词加上了ing变成了名词，那么这个词称动名词。 动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语
34、态的变化。作用：作主语、宾语、表语、定语。它也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语。,动名词的否定结构,动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。Trying without success is better than not trying at all. 实验没有成功也比不实验好。 He hated himself for not working hard. 他悔恨自己没有用功。 Im sorry for not giving you a call before. 很抱歉，没有早给你打电话。,动名词的被动语态级过去式,被动语态：being done过去式：having doneI dont rememb
35、er having written such a letter.The boy tried to avoid being discovered when he did some bad deed.,动名词,1：作主语Reading is an art. Climbing mountains is really fun. 2：作表语动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。Your task is cleaning the windows.What I hate most is being laughed at.,动名词作宾语,某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用
36、动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, understand, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, depend on, think about, succeed in, worry about, insist on, cant help, feel like,be used to, get used to, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to,escape等She has succeeded in
37、 winning the scholarship.The board has to put off holding the meeting .We look forward to hearing from you.,Exercise,1.The thief took away the womans wallet without_.A) being seen B) seeing C) him seeing D) seeing him 2.I remembered _ the door, but we got stolen. A) to lock B) locking C) to have loc
38、ked D) having locked3.You cant help _ commercials; every few minutes the program is interrupted to give you one advertisement or another.A) to hear B) to be heard C) hearing D) with hearing4.Jack said that he wouldntt mind _ for us. A).to wait B)wait C)waiting D)waited 5.His parents insist on _ to c
39、ollege. A.he should go B.he go C.his going D.him to go,Exercise,6. Instead of _ sight, Alice would spend the time _ in the public library. A seeing reading B see read C to see to read D seeing to read7. What about _ to the concert with us ? A.we go B.we going C.going D.to go8. get _ this book to Joh
40、n when you see him.A. to return B. returningC. return D. to returning 9. I regretted _ that to her.A. having said B. to have saidC. to say D. / 10. You must do something to prevent your house_ .A.to be broken in B.from being broken inC.to break in D.from breaking in,现在分词,现在分词的两个基本特点1. 在时间上表示动作正在进行。例
41、如： a developing country. 一个发展中的国家， boiling water 沸水， rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳。（试比较： a developed country 一个发达国家， boiled water开水， risen sun 升起的太阳） 2. 在语态上表示主动。例如： the ruling class 统治阶级， the exploiting class 剥削阶级。（试比较： the ruled class 被统治阶级， the exploited class 被剥削阶级）,现在分词基本结构,一般式doing 被动式being done Not bein
42、g seen by anyone， the thief escaped.完成式having done Having finished her homework, the little girl began to watch TV. 完成被动式having been done Not having done it right，I tried again. 所有否定式都是在ing前面加not,在句中的成分,1、作定语表示正在进行的或主动的动作He saw a flying bird and raised his bow. I was satisfied with the exciting spee
43、ch2、作状语，可作时间、条件、结果、原因和伴随状语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。European football is played in more than 80 countries, making it the most popular sport in the world.（结果）Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find that the city looks more beautiful.(条件),在句中的成分,3、作宾语补足语，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。Soon they could see the steam rising fr
44、om the wet clothes. The missing boys were last seen playing near the river. 4、现在分词的独立主格结构作状语(独立主格，又叫独立结构。它没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。 独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开)With his lips still trembling, he couldntt say a word.The boy cried suddenly, tears rolling down his cheeks.,Exercise,_
45、her mother had come, her face lit up. A. Hearing B. Having heard C. When hearing D. When she heard Daddy didnt mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, _fun. A. had B. have C. to have D. havingTime_, I can have done it better. A. permit B. be permitted C. permitting D. to permit 4. He s
46、ent me an E-mail, _ to get further information. A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope 5. _from what he said, he must be the thief who has stolen the car. A. Judging B. Judged C. To judge D. Judge,过去分词,用法：（1）及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子的主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,不但表示被动,还表示已完成了. The cup is broken. 茶杯破了. （2）不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句
47、子的主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成. He is retired. 他已退休. 【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, V-ing现在分词形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,用 ing现在分词 形式来修饰物. The book is interesting and Im interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣.,在句中的成分,1、作表语，主要是表示主语的状态。The library is now closed. 【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的
48、区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作. The cup was broken by my sister.The cup was broken.2、作定语，作用相当与形容词。We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions,在句子中的成分,3、作状语，表示被动和完成的动作Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! Given another hour, I can also work out this problem4、作宾语补足语用于使役动词have, m
49、ake, get, keep, leave后.Ill have my hair cut tomorrow. He got his tooth pulled out yesterday.,Exercise,1._ in 1636,Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. A. Being founded B. It was founded C. Founded D. Founding 2. _ time, hell make a first-class tennis player. A. Having
50、 given B. To give C. Giving D. Given 3. The Olympic Games, _ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing 4. As we joined the big crowd, I got _ from my friends. A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed,主谓一致,主谓一致
