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1、英语专业八级测试,汉译英常用技巧及实例讲解,目录,词的翻译,句的翻译,句群与段落翻译,一,二,三,目录,词的替代,词义选择,词类转换,词的增补,词的减省,词的翻译,1,2,3,4,5,1.词义选择,(1)语境词(2)表意模糊的词(3)比喻词语,(1)语境词,汉语有些词语的含义会因语境而发生微妙的变化,称之为“语境词”,应紧密结合上下文译成相应的词,不能按照原词的字面意思来译。例1:原文:在得病以前,我受父母宠爱,在家中横行霸道(2003真题)译文:Before I fell ill, I had been the bully under our roofs owing to my doting
2、 parents.,(1)语境词,分析:“横行霸道”在此并无“任意欺凌他人”之意,而是“为所欲为,想干什么就干什么,不受限制”,可用get everything in my own way 或get all things my own way或be the bully表达。例2:原文:钓鱼可分为三个阶段(2001真题)译文:There are three states for fishing分析:根据上下文,“三个阶段”指的是钓鱼的三种境界,不是钓鱼具体的步骤,不能按字面意思译为three stages,应根据内涵译为three states。,(1)语境词,例3:原文:因为苦闷的强弱原是随欲
3、望与野心的大小而转移的。(2006真题)译文:because the degree of which is changing (moving ) with the expansion of ones desire and ambition.分析:应准确把握“转移”这个词在这里的确切含义,切忌望文生义。,(2)表意模糊的词,有些汉语词语比较笼统,表意模糊,译成英语时应突破汉语重直觉、重表象的思维模式,寻求词语的确切含义。例1:原文:昨天看电影我没有买到好票。译文:I did not buy a good seat for yesterdays film.分析:“好票”比较笼统,实际上是指“好座位
4、”。,(2)表意模糊的词,例2:原文:这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。译文:The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society.分析:“输送”具体来说是指“培养出”,“人才”译为qualified graduates更具体。,(3)比喻词汇,汉语有许多比喻词汇,表面意义和喻指含义完全不同,英译时应跳出机械对应的思维定式,动态地译出其潜在含义。例1:原文:老师答应给这几个学生“吃小灶”。译文:The teacher has promised to give thes
5、e students special tuition.分析:“吃小灶”在这里指的是“个别辅导”。,(3)比喻词汇,例2:原文:他是个墙头草,谁硬就跟谁。译文:He always sits on the fence and falls on the side of the stronger.分析:“墙头草”是个比喻,与英语中sit on the fence含义一样。译文为译出内在含义舍弃了其表面意义。,2. 词类转换,(1)动词名词 例1:原文:他得出这一结论是深思熟虑的结果。译文:His arrival at this conclusion was the result of much tho
6、ught.分析:英语中有大量行为抽象名词表示行为或动作意义,如advice, agreement, arrival, defence, exception, increase, knowledge, praise, use等。例2:原文:吃头两个主菜时,也是赞不绝口。(2004真题)译文:You will be full of praise while eating the first two main courses.,2. 词类转换,(2)动词介词 例: 原文:这样,每个地方都有自己的传说,风俗也就衍传了下来。(2002真题) 译文:Thus, every place, with its
7、own legends and tales, has its traditions and customs passed on from generation to generation.,2. 词类转换,(3)动词形容词 使用与动词同源的词,译文有时比直接使用动词更地道、标准。例1:原文:所以人们对于大自然,全都一致并深深地依赖着。(2002真题)译文:Therefore, everyone has become unanimously and profoundly dependent on Nature.,2. 词类转换,(4)形容词或副词名词例:原文:只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏
8、。(2007真题)译文:leaving these livings to enjoy this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom.,2. 词类转换,(5)名词动词 例: 原文:大自然对人的恩赐,无论贫富,一律平等。 译文:People, rich or poor, are equally favored by Nature.,3. 词的增补,(1)语法需要例1:原文:面对一池碧水,将忧心烦恼全都抛到一边,使自己的身心得到充分休息。(2001真题)译文:When facing a pool of green water, you forget a
9、ll your worries and annoyance and enjoy a good rest, both mentally and physically. 增译出句中隐含的代词,3. 词的增补,例2:原文:有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的,好环境便会给人好心情。(2001真题)译文:A place with water and fish is necessarily blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people in good mood.分析:汉译英时需补充连词,保持句子结构完整。,3. 词的增补,(2)意思表达需要
10、例1:原文:世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新理念的博物馆。(2000真题)译文:The third-generation museums in the world are run on entirely new concepts.分析:“充满全新理念”的含义是说博物馆的创建、运营理念与众不同,如果按字面意思译为full of new ideas/concepts,就会造成“博物馆里到处都是新理念”的误解。,3. 词的增补,例2:原文:这是黄河滩上的一幕。(2007真题)译文:This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River.
11、,4. 词的减省,把原文中一些仅为语法需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略,达到译文通顺、意思完整、句子精练的目的。例1:原文:于是转喜为怒,转赞美为责备挑剔,转首肯为摇头。(2004真题)译文:Consequently, your joy would give way to anger; your praises would to criticism or even fault-finding; and your nodding in agreement to shaking the head.,5、词的替代,汉译英时可用替代的方法来避免重复,英语中主要有三种替代现象:名词成分替代、谓语成分替代
12、和分句替代。,目录,无主句,确立主干,语序调整,语态对译,长句的翻译,句的翻译,1,2,3,4,5,(二)句的翻译,汉语造句以名词为重心,以词组、散句和分句为手段,善于按时间、逻辑顺序进行横排式叙述,其中各种逻辑关系“含而不露”,甚至断句不严,外形松散、自由,富于弹性。而英语则以“主谓”的主干结构为中心来统领各语言成分,句界分明,外形严谨。汉译英时,译文在逻辑和外形上应体现出英语的特点。对于单句,首先应当确立句子的主干及句型;对于复杂的句子或长句,则需要确立信息中心,根据上下文行文需要进行句子组合,可以译为并列句、复合句(名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句)、并列复合句或使用独立结构等。,1、确立
13、主干,汉译英时,不管汉语句子如何复杂,首先要考虑英语的基本组句框架,始终不能脱离“主谓”主干这一总的框架,然后进行相应的时态变化、语态变化、语气变化、句式转换(肯定、否定、疑问、强调句式、倒装句式等)、增加定语、状语修饰成分、插入语等。,(1)确立主语, 避免主语机械对应例:原文:这个地区比较多雨。译文1:It rains a lot in this area.译文2:This area sees much rain.译文3:There is much rain in this area.分析:汉语主语的角度变化很少,英语则变化较多,英语主语有多种选择。,(1)确立主语, 时间词或方位词在主语
14、位置有些汉语句子常把时间词或方位词放在句首充当主语,译成英语时往往采用there be结构。例1:原文:山脚下住着一位老妇人。译文:There lives an old lady at the foot of the mountain.例2:原文:明天下大雪。译文:There will be a heavy snow tomorrow.,(1)确立主语, 汉语主语是复合结构汉语的动词词组、主谓结构或句子作主语时,往往译成“it”作主语的英语句子。“it”充当形式主语是英语组句的一大优势,它还可以表示天气、时间、强调等。例1:信不信是你自己的事。It is your concern whethe
15、r you believe me or not.例2: 最好是等他们回来。 It may be advisable to wait till they come back.例3:勤能补拙 It is diligence that makes for deficiency.,(2)确立谓语,汉语的谓语具有开放性,除了动词之外,名词、形容词等词类都可以直接充当谓语,而且可以几个动词连用(横排式),而英语的谓语通常只能由某个动词或系表结构担任,其他动词往往以非谓语动词的形态出现。例1:原文:在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。 (2004真题)译文:We shouldnt be too romant
16、ic about human relationships.分析:汉语中名词可充当谓语,英译文中转为系表结构。,(2)确立谓语,例2:原文:当他活着一天,总要尽量多工作、多学习,不肯虚度年华,不让时间白白地浪费掉。(2005真题)译文:As long as they are living, they always work and study as hard as possible, unwilling to dream their life away, let alone waste even a single moment of their lives. 分析:汉语谓语动词时态、情态及语态是
17、隐性的,英译文中应变为显性。,2. 语序调整,(1)定语的位置汉语的定语通常在修饰词之前;英语的定语位置分两种:前置和后置。单词充当定语通常放在被修饰的中心词前;而短语和从句作定语则多置于所修饰的中心语之后。例1:原文:它所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。(2000真题)译文:which present the fruits achieved by industrial civilization at various stages.,(2)状语的位置,例1:原文:我在山坡的小屋里,悄悄掀起窗帘,窥见园中大千世界,一片喧闹。(2003真题)译文:Without being noticed,
18、 I lifted the curtain in my small room, only to spy the bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the garden. (状语前置)例2:原文:中华民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切。(2006真题)译文:Chinese people has never regarded human being as the highest creature among everything else since ancient times. (状语后置),(2)状语的位置,例3:原文:他本来在天津开会,会议一结束,
19、他就上北京去度假了,昨天才坐飞机回来。译文:He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vacation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjin.分析:多个时间状语出现时,汉语按时间先后顺序排列,而英语中状语的顺序则比较灵活。,(3)汉英语言叙事重心不同,汉语先叙事,而后表态或评论,以突出话题,这种句子被称为主题句。汉译英时有时会译为掉尾句,即先表态或进行评论,后叙事,以突出主句。例1:原文:下次会议要讨论什么,你给我们透透风吧。译文:Will you g
20、ive us some idea of what will be taken up at the next meeting?,(4)强弱词语的顺序不同,表示感情色彩的轻重、强弱时,汉语将重的内容、强的词语放在前面;英语将语义轻的内容、弱的词语放在前面,基本原则是前轻后重,前简后繁。例1:原文:一霎时,一阵被人摒弃,为世所遗忘的悲愤兜上心头,禁不住痛哭起来。(2003真题)译文:In no time, I was thrown into a feeling of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and abandoned by the rest of the
21、 world and could not help crying my heart out.分析:原文中,感情色彩较重的词“摒弃”在前,相对较弱的词“遗忘”在后,但在英译文中却应调整。,3. 语态对译,指主动语态与被动语态的转换。汉语中被动句的使用范围相当窄,而英语中被动句表现能力强,使用频率高。汉译英时,必要时应改变句子的语态,以适应表达的需要。例1:原文:大自然对人的恩赐,无论贫富,一律平等。(2002真题) 译文:People, rich or poor, are equally favored by Nature.,3. 语态对译,例2:原文:我国历代的劳动人民以及大政治家、大思想家等
22、等莫不如此。(2005真题)译文:Such examples have been set a lot by Chinese laboring people, great politicians and thinkers of past dynasties. 原文主语太长,可用被动句表达。,3. 语态对译,(1)汉语中有很多无形式标志的被动句,特别要注意“把字句/将字句”、“是的”、“ 的是”这样的隐性被动结构,汉译英时都应转为英语被动结构。(2)汉语以泛称如“大家”、“人们”、“有人”等作主语时,英译时常使用被动结构。当含有“据说”、“据悉”、“据信”等不定人称的词语时,通常用固定的被动结构翻
23、译。(3)汉语表示被动意义的句子在译文中通常用被动语态表达,但个别情况例外:表示“开始”、“结束”意思的不及物动词;表示“移位”、“运转”意思的动词;无灵主语的动作正在进行等。,3. 语态对译,例1:会议在热烈的掌声中闭幕了。 The meeting ended in warm applause.例2:货物移动了位置。 The cargo has shifted.例3:蔬菜正在锅里做着。 The vegetables are cooking.例4:该方案需要进一步讨论。The plan required further discussing.,4. 长句的翻译,(1)原序对译即顺译法。这种方法
24、多用于单一主语的长句,但要分清句中的信息重心。例1:原文:中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切,在哲学文艺方面的表现反映出人在自然界中与万物占着一个比较较为恰当的地位,而非绝对统治万物的主宰。(2006真题)译文:Chinese people has never regarded human being as the highest creature among everything else since ancient times, whose behavior in both philosophy and arts takes a rather appropriate proportion
25、 with all others in the natural world, but not as an absolute dominant ruler.,(2)分句合译,汉译英时,汉语中教高层次的单位译为英语中层次较低一级的单位。例1:原文:他们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来,看一眼这美丽的黄昏。(2007真题)译文:Hardly any of them cares to look up and throws a glance at the beautiful twilight.,(3)断句分译,汉语多流水句,一个长句可能有多个主语,英语一句话只能有一个主语,因此,应当把长句拆开来翻译。例1:原
26、文:一个春天的傍晚,园中百花怒放,父母在园中设宴,一时宾客云集,笑语四溢。(2003真题)译文:One spring evening, my parents held a banquet in the garden where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom. Instantly, a crowd of their guests collected and their laughter was heard all over there.,(4)主次信息句,在汉语中,有时两个或两个以上的不同主语的句子在表面上是并列的,没有主从或偏正关系,但实际上有
27、内在的逻辑关联和主次之分,因此不宜断句分译,而应把主要信息译为完整的句子,把次要信息以独立结构的形式体现。例1:原文:在世纪之交的伟大时代,我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强,海峡两岸人民也将加强交流,共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。(1998真题),(4)主次信息句,译文:1. At the turn of the century, our motherland is becoming more prosperous and powerful. People across the Straits will strengthen their exchanges, and work together t
28、o realize the cause of the reunification of their motherland.2. At the turn of the century, as our motherland is becoming more prosperous and powerful, people across the Straits will strengthen their exchanges, and work together to realize the cause of the reunification of their motherland.3. At the
29、 turn of the century, our motherland becoming more prosperous and powerful, people across the Straits will strengthen their exchanges, and work together to realize the cause of the reunification of their motherland.分析:这个句子有三种处理方式。可以根据分句的不同主语,断句分译,译为两个独立的句子;也可以根据信息重心的主次,将次要信息“我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强”译为时间状语从句或独
30、立结构。,5. 无主句,汉译英时,需要补出省略的主语,或改变句型结构,以符合译语习惯。例1:原文:但是,大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真,看他对待工作、生活的态度如何,也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。(2005真题)译文:However, if we, on the whole, can find out whether his attitude towards his life is serious or not and what are his attitude towards his life and work, it would not be that difficult to make an appropriate evaluation of the meaning of ones life.,5. 无主句,例2:原文:开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候,印象很好。(2004真题)译文:The starter or cold dish will leave you a very good impression.分析:译文没有补充we作主语,而是把句中的逻辑宾语充当了译文的主语。,